FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE (FTP)
INTRODUCTION
According to the article written by Husman and Shell (2008) retrieved from Science Direct journal, there is indication that Future Time Perspective or FTP does amicably relate such degree of time perception as compared to the actual physical time as found into such calendar records for instance as there must be clarification stance when individuals do perceive future needs and by allowing a more serious idealism that such present path is linked within the past and towards the future as it deals to the temporal context and turning needs of people into specific goals. Thus, there can be evidence existing that the thoughts of some college students' regarding the future does incur certain impact mostly in the academic achievement (Malka & Covington, 2005; Shell & Husman, 2001; Simons, et al., 2004 in, Husman and Shell 2008) as well as the study persistence (Shell & Husman, 2001 in, Husman and Shell 2008) and in turn managing the passage of time.
The measuring of FTP has created as the (Shell & Husman, 2001; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999 in, Husman and Shell 2008) and knowing that comprehensive measure of FTP constructs was not available yet and the enclosed instruments of the process do impose little unsatisfactory reliability and construct validity. Generally, FTP has accounts in the history centered on European psychology as stable sets of beliefs and expectations dealing with the future (Lens & Rand, 1997; Trommsdorff, 1994; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999 in, Husman and Shell 2008). The dimensions being focused in FTP tool are valence, extension, speed and connectedness that serves as traditional constructs of a stable FTP and certain evidence indicates aspects of time perspective do change and can be rooted in social context and culture (Jones, 1994; Seginer & Halabi, 1991; Bond & Smith, 1996 in, Husman and Shell 2008). For Valence, FTP manifests that all things are equal and that goals that are more distant in time as compared to the immediate goals and valuing valence can possibly be associated with adaptive behavior and positive motivation in post-secondary educational settings (Shell & Husman, 2001; Turner & Schallert, 2001 in, Husman and Shell 2008).
Meanwhile, connectedness is present as the FTP does have ability in making connections within present activities and future goals that is to anticipate distant future; to dispose longer time intervals in which an individual can situate motivational goal as well as directing present actions toward the goals into distant future. Ideally, Daltrey and Langer (1984 in, Husman and Shell 2008) developed a scale called the Daltrey Future Time Perspective Test consisting of five subscales: extension, coherence, directionality, density and attitude and are highly correlated with each other (0.42 to 0.86) and was a representative of an underlying unitary construct. The presence of factor analysis was realized from within that had revealed 13 factors, and its not 4 or 1 (Regeth, 1996 in, Husman and Shell 2008) as primary factor did contain the majority of the items, as Regeth retained 10 of the original 80 items and it proved to be reasonably internally consistent implying alpha coefficient of 0.78 which have reasonable construct as well as validity.
Comes next is extension aspect referring to goals that exists from such individual in his time horizon holding importance for the individual than goals outside within the habitual time and was of use in clinical and counseling psychology with adolescents and adults (Lennings, 2002; Rappaport, 1991; Rappaport et al., 1985; Rappaport & Fossler, 1993 in, Husman and Shell 2008). Then, the speed the anticipation and planning for future as attributed to strong cognitive FTP and the subscale of such had represented the speed at which individuals feel time is passing and time orientation has focused on post-secondary students. Accordingly, Shell reported good psychometric properties for these scales, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.78 for the valence scale and 0.83 for the instrumentality scale. Simons and colleagues simplify FTP by providing basic examples with short FTP view the near future in setting plans and goals while people with long or deep FTP do it otherwise or in the distant future. As Bembenutty and Karabenick (2004 p. 36) have listed numerous authors who refer FTP as “an individual’s beliefs or orientation toward the future concerning temporarily distant goals”.
The importance of FTP is rooted on the recognition of its role in human decision-making and taking particularly on how far a person plan into his/her future. It also reflects the future needs of the person and the degree in which it links with the past and the present. According to the article of Husman and Shell (2008), FTP recognizes time as individual psychological experience rather than a mere physical thing. Through time, individual perceptions changes and leads to the understanding of the past, the present, and the future. It is but important to acknowledge the importance in FTP because it is associated with human behaviors and activities. The understanding of the current human behavior and activity leads to making distal outcomes more salient in current thought (Husman and Lens, 1999 in, Husman and Shell 2008). The current study of Husman and Shell explore further on the measurement of the beliefs and perceptions about the future by presenting empirical evidences rather than literary collection.
METHOD
For the method, internal consistency and reliability (or the Cronbach’s alpha) from study 1 and 2 reliability (e.g. 0.95) are evaluated based on the results from study and are clearly presented in the article. For the procedure, there was conduction of a questionnaire that undertook by means of on line questionnaire upon log in to the site and completes it without time limit.
PARTICIPANTS
A total of 202 items comprising of 155 girls and 46 boys from UNIVERSITY OF WSERTN SYDNEY, multicultural and age, with one unknown gender rounding to just 201 participants in total ranging from ages 19 years old to 58 years old. The method was treated according to ethical standards of Australia Psychological Society.
The data collected has not been sufficient to conduct a multicultural analysis. It does not speak anything about the participants in terms of the concept of the study. Thus, the need to use the questionnaire that is previously made is suggested. The four dimensions of FTP namely: valence, connectedness, extension and speed are provided with examples. Cronbach’s alpha and construct validity are presented on scale represented by 1 – 5, which corresponds to 1= strongly disagree and 5= strongly agree. Thus, looking on Study 3 outcome from the article Husman and Shell (2008), there were nine items remained in the valence component with Cronbach alpha of 0.83; twenty one items remained in the connectedness component with Cronbach alpha of 0.88; seven items remained in the extension component with Cronbach alpha of 0.70; and six items remained in the speed component with Cronbach alpha of 0.64. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were greater than 0.70 for all four subscales indicating that the scale has good internal reliability. There were 27 items on the final version of the FTPS as seen Table 4 of the article by Husman and Shell (2007). FTP theory and the research study indicate that activities occurring outside individual's time perspective will seem far as those seem to occur within time space.
CITED ARTICLE
Husman, J. & Shell, (2008). Beliefs and perceptions about the future: A measurement of future time perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 18: 166-17
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