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Relationship between Entry Qualification in Mathematics and Students Performance in Principles of Accounting Research Proposal Paper

Relationship between Entry Qualification in Mathematics and Students Performance in Principles of Accounting Introduction In academics, the basic mathematical knowledge is essential in the pursuance of the students to finish the school and gain the profession he or she wants. The mathematics is part of the core subjects that is being taught within the educational settings. Along with the evolution of technology and globalization, the demand for the higher approach in mathematics became the central issue in all schools. However, in most of the colleges, the principles of accounting are being taught. The basic approach in accounting serves the foundation of all of the students to understand the business cycle in the modern world. Together, the educators and the students somehow discovered that the accounting and mathematics the resemblance within the educational settings.    Statement of the Problem The academic results or grade of every student is based on their performance and participation inside the classroom. Mathematics or algebra and arithmetic are the most basic approach in mathematical study. On the other hand, the accounting study is already incorporated the basic knowledge of the mathematics as part of the overall approach in the accounting studies. The main problem is, is there any relation between the entry qualification in mathematics and students performance in principles of accounting.   Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are centered on the scores of the students regarding on mathematics and accounting. The main objective of the study is to determine the existence of the relationship between the entry qualification in mathematics and students performance in the principles of accounting. Research Question The study recognized the importance of the study in the academics and other areas of application of mathematics and accounting. 1.      What is the common instruction or academic approach in teaching accounting in the students? 2.      What are the common problems or questions indicated in the entrance examination on mathematics? 3.      What is the main idea in identifying the relationship of the scores of the students with regards to the mathematics and accounting? Null Hypotheses There is no significant relationship between the entry qualification in mathematics and students performance of the students in the principles of accounting. The connection of the mathematics and accounting is based on the numerical symbols that are used to create the different formulations according to the different principles and/or numerical approaches and their usefulness in education or businesses. Significance of the Study The importance of the study plays an important role in the educational settings and different industries. The research is important in building the concept between the mathematics and accounting. In addition, the study gives the view of the relationship on mathematics and accounting within the educational settings. Methodology The applied methodology in the study is the correlation analysis. The principles of the correlation analysis measure the degree of association between the two or more variables. The method of the analysis assumes that the pair or set of values are taken under a given set of conditions, variation in the variables is random, and follows a normal distribution pattern. With the respect to the hypothesis, the measurement to determine the existence of the relationship of mathematics entrance qualification and academic performance in accounting studies. The factors that were taken consideration are the following: Where EQM = entry qualification of mathematics APA = academic performance in accounting AVE = average grade of the students YEAR = college year AGE = age of a student G = gender b^sub 0^, ;B^sub 0^= intercepts. b^sub 0-4^, ;B ^sub 1-4^ = parameters. ;5, µ = disturbance terms. Parameters, b^sub 1^ and ;B^sub 1^ are the key variables for this study. If they are positive and statistically significant, then hypotheses are empirically supported that there is a relationship between the mathematical entrance examination and academic performance of the students in accounting. Analysis In the formulation of the accounting, the mathematical knowledge plays a special concern in the accounting studies. The most common focus of the accounting lies in the function of auditing wherein the management of the profits and losses is important in the industry. Through the application of the mathematics in the accounting, the formulation of the decisions is the inevitable result. The theory incorporated within the mathematics and accounting is somehow related and connected in the profession. Simply, the mathematical problems are part of teaching in accountancy. The calculation and compound interest in bookkeeping is the most basic knowledge and the use of the algebra is very useful in the studies and profession.   References: Ireland, J., 2005. Principles of Accounting [Online] Available at: http://www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books/Principles%20of%20Accounting.pdf [Accessed 23 Feb 2010]. Lee, BB., & Lee, J., 2009. Mathematics and Academic Success in Three Disciplines: Engineering, Business and Humanities, Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3.

Relationship between Entry Qualification in Mathematics and Students Performance in Principles of Accounting Research Proposal Paper

Relationship between Entry Qualification in Mathematics and Students Performance in Principles of Accounting Introduction In academics, the basic mathematical knowledge is essential in the pursua…

job satisfaction Research Proposal

job satisfaction Research Proposal I just request your assistance of proposal on job satisfaction on developing countries…

THESIS STATEMENTS

Thesis Statements:       I. Research Topic: Relating management accounting systems to the strategic and operational needs of organizations.     1. Management accounting systems play a vital role in formulating and implementing strategies for the human resource department of the organizations.   2.  The attainment of the company’s objectives depends on the success of the management accounting systems.   3.  The implementation of management accounting systems affect adversely the strategic and operational needs of an organization due to the huge amount of funds needed to make it a success.   4.  Management accounting systems positively affect the corporate culture of a company.   5.   Management accounting systems affect the morale of the employees.       II. Research Topic:  The occupation of Alcatraz               *What was the cause and effect of this action on the Native American movement?     1.  The seizure by the Native Americans of Alcatraz resulted into an upsurge of activism all throughout the United States.   2. The occupation of Alcatraz clearly demonstrated that the freedom of expression clearly exists in the country.   3.  The occupation of Alcatraz by the native Americans lefts a lasting mark of restoring the Indian pride.   4.  The development of nationalism and the progress of the civil rights movements prompted the occupation of Alcatraz.   5.    Inequality in political and civil rights is the main reason for the occupation of Alcatraz. III. Research Topic: Abortion   1. Abortion should be legalized in the Philippines to reduce the explosive population of the country.      2. The legality of abortion in the highly industrialized countries has no positive effect to the economy of these countries.   3. The stand of the Catholic Church against abortion should not be disturbed despite the growing number of countries legalizing the same.   4. The prevalence of pre-marital sex in almost every country is a major factor of unwanted pregnancy resulting to abortion.   5. Abortion will forever be unacceptable to the common and general principles of men, regardless of culture or race.

THESIS STATEMENTS

Thesis Statements: I. Research Topic: Relating management accounting systems to the strategic and operational needs of organizations. 1. Management accounting systems play a vital…

Operational Benefits of Electronic Integration in B2B Procurement Processes

Proposal   Introduction       This paper discusses in detail the research proposal that examines the operational benefits of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes. Basically, the researcher attempts to identify the possible effect of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes. This includes discussion of its history, the current status of B2B procurement processes, and advantages and disadvantages of electronic integration. Specifically, this proposed research explores the perceptions of the business manager respondents and their view regarding electronic integration.                      This research proposal discusses in detail the background, general purpose of the study. Moreover, the objectives of the study and the research statements are presented. Here, vital concepts, questions and assumptions are stated. Finally, the scope and limitation of the study, overview of the methodology used and the significance of the research are discussed.   Background of the Study The industrial competitions worldwide are at brisk, making companies across the globe search for extensive strategic management procedures that would keep them in on the business world.  The tasks of crafting, implementing, and executing company strategies are the heart and soul of managing business enterprise.  A company’s strategy serves as the game plan management and is use to stake out a market position, conduct its operations, attract and please customers, compete successfully, and achieve organizational objectives.   Accordingly, all business firms are subject to several factors outside the control of the industry that affect the outcome of its operations, and by and large, predominantly predict its success.  With this, companies consider certain strategies to maintain their competitiveness, especially in the marketing arena.  In fact, marketing has been regarded as a recurring concept in the organizational world. As asserted by  (1984), marketing provides the link or bridge between the organization and its environment, moving the firm away from bureaucratic inertia toward responsiveness to customer needs and anticipation of continuing changes in the environment.  In short, marketing helps institutions fulfill its mission, keeping it relevant in a dynamic industrial world.   Dynamicity is perhaps the best word to describe the recurring trends in the business arena.  It is known that the extensive influence of information technology across the globe nowadays has brought major changes in the world’s economic and political system, thus, affecting the industrial environment at large.  Electronic communication is already dramatically changing how commercial transactions between companies are conducted, how digitally based goods and services are distributed, and how industrial sales are made.  As the marketplace becomes increasingly global, using information technology in the context of international trade relations also become increasingly important.  Indeed, the significant role that technology plays in the market today is unquestionable.   However, these radical changes in technology and the increasingly unstable business environments had brought a series of difficulties in all industries across the globe.  Companies worldwide keep reinventing themselves to keep pace with these conditions in order to improve competitiveness and raise productivity.  In the United States, for example, social, political, and economic instabilities led to a bunch of management theories which have influenced largely the practice of management in US corporations and small businesses (1997).   As a result of these drastic transformations, the question as to how can companies convert themselves to become technologically-established firms while maintaining and increasing the effectiveness of its operations became the focal point of most marketing-technology paradigm.               With this query, this paper would provide an analysis regarding the operational benefits of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes.  This would include a detailed discussion pertaining to the reasons for its strategic translation, methodology or procedures in doing so, and other matters relevant to the changes in the company’s operational schemes.   Statement of the Problem Generally, the purpose of this study is to conduct a study on the possible operational benefits of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes and identify the perception of the business managers regarding this integration. This study tries to answer the following queries: 1.            What are the advantages or benefits of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes? 2.            What are the disadvantages of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes? 3.            Does electronic integration in B2B procurement processes directly affects the progress of a certain business? 4.            What is the possible impact of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes to the business practices of business managers?     Hypothesis of the Study Based on the research questions the research project works out on the following null hypotheses: 1.            Electronic integration in B2B procurement processes no significant effect to the progress of a certain business. 2.            Electronic integration benefits in B2B procurement processes has no significant relationship to the success of a certain business.   Scope and Limitations The study intends to investigate the effects of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes. For this study, primary research and secondary research will be used. Primary research will be conducted using anonymous questionnaires that will be sent to the different business managers related to electronic integration. The questionnaires will be used to collect quantitative data and the interviews will be used to provide qualitative insights into the data collected. The data will be analyzed and compiled for the correlation of the hypothesis. The data will then be presented by means of graphical representations and illustration and the difference would be highlighted.   Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework that will be used in the study is the Input-Process-Output Model. In the IPO model, a process is viewed as a series of boxes (processing elements) connected by inputs and outputs. Information or material objects flow through a series of tasks or activities based on a set of rules or decision points. (1997) Flow charts and process diagrams are often used to represent the process. ( 1997) What goes in is the input; what causes the change is the process; what comes out is the output. (2001) Figure 1.1 illustrates the basic IPO model: Figure 1.1 Input – Process – Output Model                         The IPO model will provide the general structure and guide for the direction of the study. Substituting the variables of this study on the IPO model, the researcher came up with the following:   Figure 1.2 Conceptual Framework              INPUT                                PROCESS                           OUTPUT                     Methodology The study intends to investigate the perception of business managers regarding the operational benefits of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes. For this study, primary research and secondary research will be used. Moreover, the descriptive research method will be utilized. In this method, it is possible that the study would be cheap and quick. It could also suggest unanticipated hypotheses. Nonetheless, it would be very hard to rule out alternative explanations and especially infer causations. Thus, this study will use the descriptive approach. This descriptive type of research utilizes observations in the study.  To illustrate the descriptive type of research,  (1994) guided the researcher when he stated: Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition.    Primary research is conducted using questionnaire surveys that are sent to the business managers. Here, the questionnaires will be used to collect quantitative data and the interviews will be used to provide qualitative insights into the data collected.  Apparently, secondary data are based from the recent literatures related to business development, electronic integration and B2B procurement processes.   As stated above, this research will partially base its findings through quantitative research methods because this permits a flexible and iterative approach. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This study will also employ qualitative research method because it will try to find and build theories that will explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through qualitative elements in research. Through this method, qualitative elements that do not have standard measures such as behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs within the health institution domain will be analyzed. Respondents of the Study The general population for this study is composed of business managers of different businesses that are related to the integration of electronics to the B2B procurement processes. Basically these respondents are asked regarding the current status of their B2B procurement processes as integration of electronics has been made and their personal views about the operational benefits of the said integration. Basically,  (1973), initiated that it is advisable to use the Slovin’s formula in choosing sample sizes. Thus, the sample size of the population in this paper was determined by Slovin’s formula. The formula of Slovin is given as follows: Where:       n = a sample size     N= population size e= desired margin of error (percent allowance for non-precision                         because of the use of the sample instead of the population).  Sampling Technique First, the respondents shall fill out a self-administered questionnaire. Another set of questionnaires will be prepared for the interview of teachers. Ideally, the respondents will grade each statement in the survey-questionnaire using a Likert scale (Barnett, V. 1991), with a five-response scale wherein respondents will be given five response choices. The equivalent weights for the answers will be:   Range                                    Interpretation                   4.50 – 5.00                            Strongly Agree 3.50 – 4.49                            Agree 2.50 – 3.49                            Uncertain 1.50 – 2.49                            Disagree          0.00 – 1.49                            Strongly Disagree The researcher opted to use the questionnaire as a tool since it is easy to construct having the rules and principles of construction are easy to follow. Moreover, copies of the questionnaire could reach a considerable number of respondents either by mail or by personal distribution. Generally, responses to a questionnaire are objectified and standardized and these make tabulation easy. But more importantly, the respondents’ replies are of their own free will because there is no interviewer to influence them. This is one way to avoid biases, particularly the interviewers’ bias. The researcher will also use graph and charts for data presentation. Validity of the Data             For validation purposes, the researcher will initially submit a sample of the set of survey questionnaires and after approval; the survey will be conducted to five respondents.  After the questions were answered, the researcher will ask the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary corrections to ensure further improvement and validity of the instrument.  The researcher will again examine the content of the interview questions to find out the reliability of the instrument.  The researchers will exclude irrelevant questions and will change words that would be deemed difficult by the respondents, too much simpler terms.   Administration of the Instrument The researcher will exclude the five respondents who will be initially used for the validation of the instrument.  The researcher will also tally, score and tabulate all the responses in the provided interview questions. Moreover, the interview shall be using a structured interview. It shall consist of a list of specific questions and the interviewer does not deviate from the list or inject any extra remarks into the interview process. The interviewer may encourage the interviewee to clarify vague statements or to further elaborate on brief comments. Otherwise, the interviewer attempts to be objective and tries not to influence the interviewer's statements. The interviewer does not share his/her own beliefs and opinions. The structured interview is mostly a "question and answer" session. Basic Assumptions             This study assumes that the survey used is an effective measurement tool to identify the operational benefits of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes.  This study also assumes that each participant will honestly ad thoroughly answer each question.   Expected Output It is said the electronic business systems has changed the way contemporary businesses are being operated.  With these e-businesses forms, many people especially those in the business field had been given the chance to expand their business portfolio by merely integrating electronic in B2B procurement processes.  In its application many industries had survive in the stiff competition within the marketplace.   From this, proposed research paper shall be divided into five chapters in order to provide clarity and coherence on the discussion of the effects of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes. The first part of the research paper will be discussing the problem uncovered by the researcher and provide ample background on the topic. The chapter shall constitute an introduction to the whole research paper, the hypothesis, and the statement of the problem in order to present the basis of the study. Moreover, the chapter shall also have a discussion on the scope of its study as well as the significance of the study to society in general and specific effects on the use training to improve the performance of the company.   The second chapter shall be discussing the relevance of the study in the existing literature. It shall provide studies on business strategies, development, electronic integration and B2B procurement processes. After the presentation of the existing related literature, the researcher shall provide a synthesis of the whole chapter in relation to the study.   The third part of the study shall be discussing the methods and procedures used in the study. The chapter shall comprise of the presentation of the utilized techniques for data collection and research methodology. Similarly, it shall also contain a discussion on the used techniques in data analysis as well as the tools used to acquire the said data.   The fourth chapter shall be an analysis on the tabulated data. After the said tabulation, the data are statistically treated in order to uncover the relationship of the variable involved in the study. With the said data, the chapter seeks to address the statement of the problem noted in the first chapter.   The last chapter shall comprise of three sections, the summary of the findings, the conclusions of the study, and the recommendations. With the three portions, the chapter shall be able to address the verification of the hypothesis stated in the initial chapters of the study.   TIMETABLE   TASK Month   1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Select topic                   Undertake preliminary literature search                   <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Define research questions</li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Write-up aims and objectives</li> </ul>                   Select appropriate methodology and locate sources of information. Confirm access.                   Write-up Research Plan                   Undertake and write-up draft critical literature review.                   Secondary and Primary Data Detailed <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Sources</li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Consulted</li> </ul>                   Research Findings: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Analyzed</li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Evaluated</li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Written-up</li> </ul>                   Discussion: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Research findings evaluated and discussed in relation to the literature review</li> </ul>                   Methodology written-up (including limitations and constraints)                   Main body of the report written-up and checked for logical structure                   <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Conclusions drawn</li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Recommendations made</li> </ul>                   Introduction and Executive Summary written-up                   Final format and indexing                   Print

Operational Benefits of Electronic Integration in B2B Procurement Processes

Proposal Introduction This paper discusses in detail the research proposal that examines the operational benefits of electronic integration in B2B procurement processes. Basically, the r…

Marriott International Hotels - SWOT Analysis

(g) The Internal-External (IE) Matrix StrengthsWeaknessesCompetitive advantages – strong bands and worldwide presence Group CEO has been in tenure for more than 35 years.A proven business model of managing and franchising hotels rather than owning themGroup revenue is too dependent on lodging; not diversified in terms of products and markets, Too dependent on North AmericaStrong team of associates Pricing strategy is comparative highPortfolio expanded to 114 properties with another 55 in the pipelineLimited ability to refinance existing debtRich diversity of culture make M stronger, culture more vibrant, business model more flexible and work more meaningfulIncreased vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions, and to interest rate fluctuationsAward winning guest loyalty program Inflexible to make, or react to, changes in business natureBrand innovation – will open first two EDITION hotels, its new lifestyle boutique brandHigh debt ratios with less repayment ability; less dividendsAn information rich and easy to-use website, a multi channel central reservations systemFailure to maintain the integrity of interest or customer data could result in faulty business decisions, damage of reputation and/or subject us to costs, fines, or lawsuitsCost saving measures and restructuring in 2008 and 2009 associated with Timeshare segment, hotel development, above-property-level management and corporate overheadA failure to keep pace with developments in technology could impair our operations or competitive positionDiscontinuation of synthetic fuel business in Nov 2007 Facing reduced coverages and increased costs of insurance.Strong management/leadership – Mr J.W. Marriott, Jr with over 50yrs of leadership span in hospitality industryReduced in gains on sales of real estate to 10m in 2010 from 14m in 2008 and 39 in 2009Brand name recognition, strong tradition in lodging industry; solid branding – promote demand for franchise; franchise fee growth from $296m in 2004, $329m in 2005 to $390m in 2006Equity in losses of $66m in 2009 increased by $81m from equity in earnings of $15m in 2008 and primarily reflected a $30m impairment charge in 2009Rev growth from $10.1b in 2004 to $12.16b in 2006General administrative costs increased by $30m (4 percent) to $803m from $773m in 2007.For eight yrs in a row, Marriott has been ranked by “Fortune” as among the “100 Best Companies to work for” which well justified its employee satisfaction to the companyOperating income decreased by $418m (35 percent) to $765m in 2008 from $1,183m in 2007 (2009 operating income??)Diversed portfolio of 3000 lodging properties, representing 19 brands in almost 70 countries and territoriesInterest income decreased by $14m (36 percent) to $25m in 2009, from $39m in 2008OpportunitiesGroup revenue is too dependent on North America, accounting to 62% of total revenue. Based on Direct Competitors Comparison 2005, Marriott is the largest market capital capitalization - $16.97bil as compare to its closest rival (Accor, Hilton, IHG).the stock price has tumbled from a high of $37.89 in the second quarter of 2008 to $24.14 in the fourth quarter of 2009Demand for more lodging supply in Beijing for the Olympic M owns very few lodging properties. Unresolved disputes with the owners of the hotels that we manage or franchise may result in litigationNot only in main Beijing city, but suburb/surrounding  cities Depend on capital to buy, develop and improve hotels to develop timeshare properties. M or hotel owners may be unable to access capital when necessaryNew property openings in Asia, Middle East, etc…. (refer AR 07)In 2009 the three major credit rating agencies reduced M’s long-term debt ratings to their lowest investment grade level ; further downgrades could increase cost of capital, limit M’s access to the capital markets, permit access only on terms that ar Marriot quarterly revenue growth in 2006 is 7.4% compared to Hilton’s margins of 29.4%. IHG’s gross margins at 54% is far exceeding Marriott’s gross margin 13.6%RevPAR growth from 2003 to 2007, (show chart from AR07) – portraits the highest among its direct competitorsSynthetic Fuelconsisted of four coal-based synthetic fuel production facilities (the “Facilities”) because tax credits under Section 45K of the IRC are not available for the production and sale of synthetic fuel produced from coal after calendar year-end 2007, and because high oil prices during 2007 were expected to result in the phase-out of a significant portion of the tax credits available for synthetic fuel produced and sold in 2007, on November 3, 2007, we shut down the Facilities and permanently ceased production of synthetic fuel. Accordingly, we now report this business segment asa discontinued operation.Marriott is the first company in its industry to serve food without any trans fat in its hotels in North America.More restrictive than those of its current outstanding debt. As of Sept 2006, all Marriott properties in N. America are non-smokingThreatsTab into ‘telecommunication’ marketTravellers fears of exposure of contagious diseases, such as h1N1 Flu, SARS, etc Competitors (pricing strategies of Marriott’s competitor) Terrorism (Aug 2003, terrorists attack, at Bali J.W. Marriotts) Foreign currency exchange rate – fluctuating

Marriott International Hotels - SWOT Analysis

(g) The Internal-External (IE) Matrix StrengthsWeaknessesCompetitive advantages – strong bands and worldwide presence Group CEO has been in tenure for more than 35 years.A proven business model of m…

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