Research Korner: Theoretical Framework

Stress in Juvenile Detention Officers

Stress in Juvenile Detention Officers   Research Problem             The research will investigate stress arising in the domain of work and family as reported by juvenile detention officers. The work-family interface has received little attention in workers such as detention officers in stress research, therefore the present study aims to investigate work and family stress among juvenile detention officers.   Statement of the Problem             The study will investigate self-reported stress among juvenile detention officers in the domain of work and family.   Purpose of the Study             The aim of the study is to (1) identify the major work and family stressors among juvenile detention officers; (2) identify the impacts of work and family stress on the job performance of juvenile detention officers; (3) identify the impacts of work and family stress on the family life of juvenile detention officers; and (4) explore the impacts that work and family stress have on each other.   Research Questions             The study aims to investigate on the issue of work and life stress among juvenile detention officers. It aims to answer the following questions: 1. What are the major work and family stressors among juvenile detention officers? 2. What are the impacts of work and family stressors on the job performance of juvenile detention officers? 3. What are the impacts of work and family stress on the family life of juvenile detention officers? 4. What are the impacts that work and family stress have on each other?   Rationale, Relevance and Significance of the Study             Stress is believed to be a part of human life. Adults suffer from stress. There are a plethora of studies that point at the workplace and the home as the primary sources of stress. As stress may arise both in the work and family domains, then it is logical to expect that stressors may have cumulative effect and that stress in the work environment may impact on stress in the home environment, and vice versa.             The present study will be of relevance and significance to detention facility managers and human resource departments as it may provide illumination of the various stressors that impact the performance of detention officers. It will be of considerable contribution to the area of Human Resource Management particularly Health and Safety as the study intends to investigate the impacts of stress on the family-life and work-life of detention officers.     Theoretical Framework             Work-family research have been divided into work-family conflict (work interfering with family) and family-work conflict (family interfering with work). Different types of spillover have been identified across the work and family domains: (a) negative spillover from work to family; (b) positive spillover from work to family; (c) negative spillover from family to work; and (d) positive spillover from family to work (Williams and Alliger 1994). The study will flow in the similar vein with the intention to discuss both work stress and family stress and investigate on spillover.   Research Design             The study will make use of qualitative research design. The qualitative research design often involves a merging together of various data collection strategies. It is flexible and elastic, capable of adjusting to what is being learned during the course of data collection. The qualitative research design tends to be holistic, striving for an understanding of the whole and it requires researchers to become intensely involved.             According to Newman and Benz (1998), a qualitative research involves an interpretative, naturalistic approach of the subject matter. Qualitative research is about studying things in their natural settings. A researcher conducting qualitative research attempts to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meaning people bring to them. Qualitative research involves different methods of gathering and collecting of empirical materials such as case study personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactions, and visual texts.   Data Collection Procedure             The primary mode of data collection is survey. The sample will be drawn from different juvenile detention facilities. The researchers will coordinate with the management of these detention facilities and will ask for permission to include detention officers in the study. Once the management gives permission, one of the researchers will attend a staff meeting where the purpose of the study will be explained and questionnaires will be distributed.   Analysis Procedure             In order to assess the perceived work and family stress among juvenile detention officers, The 10-item form of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (see appendix) by Cohen et al (1983) will be used. The PSS will be used to measure the degree to which situations in one’s life are perceived as stressful. Participants will be asked to indicate how often they felt or thought a certain way during the last month. Items will e answered using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often).               In order to investigate on the sources of work and family stress, the researchers will device two questions that will require the participants to rate sources of work and family stress on a scale of 0 (not stressful) to 7 (extremely stressful).  To explore specific stressors in the work and family  contexts, two open-ended questions will ask participants to indicate the greatest source of work stress and the greatest source of family stress that they had experiences during the last month.             In order to investigate on stress spillover, the researchers will include to questions asking participant to indicate the extent to which work stress impacted in home and the extent to which home stress impacted on work. These will be answered using a 0 (not at all) to 7 (very much) scale.   Limitations to the Study             One of the researchers’ perceived limitations of the study is the likelihood that the individuals who are experiencing more stress may not complete and return the questionnaire. Therefore, the levels of stress found may not be an accurate reflection of those in the intended population.             Another perceived limitation of the study is the use of self-report measure. Self-report measures are subject to problems of memory and language ambiguity. There is also a possibility of measurement biases, for example a participant may not report his work as being stressful for fear of such comments may affect their relationship with the management.     References Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. Newman, I. and Benz, C. R. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Williams, K.J. and Alliger, G.M. (1994). Role Stressors, Mood Spillover, and Perceptions of Work-Family Conflict in Employed Parents. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 837-868.     Appendix

Stress in Juvenile Detention Officers

Stress in Juvenile Detention Officers Research Problem The research will investigate stress arising in the domain of wor...

Intelligence

Academic Intelligence Characteristics <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Problems are formulated by other people</li> </ul> In academic intelligence, there are preset problems created by other people in testing or proving such intelligence.  This has been done to evaluate the level of academic intelligence that a person has with relation to the answers.  <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Arguments and point of views are clearly defined</li> </ul> Specific ideas and thoughts are based on facts and what has being known.  Academic intelligence thus set a standard on a specific problem or discussion. <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Move toward all information needed for the solution</li> </ul> As a factual matter, it always has a corresponding solution to the problem.  Academic intelligence has also predetermined information for such solution. <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> There has only one right and approved answer</li> </ul> There could be no other considerations on answers other than the perceived solution.  This is very true to literature and what has already been known.  There would only be one exact answer acceptable.  <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> It does not depend on ordinary experience</li> </ul> Academic intelligence feeds itself on recognized and acknowledged matters.  It rejects and excludes matters from experiences.    Everyday Intelligence Characteristics <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Requires problem recognition and formulation</li> </ul> Problems should initially be documented and created basing on what is being encountered.  It will be the basis for reoccurrence of a particular experience. <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Problems to be solved are inadequately defined</li> </ul> Since experiences acquired in everyday intelligence vary, problems to be solved seem to be insufficiently definite. <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Necessitate the need for gathering information</li> </ul> It calls for the practical output and realistic endeavor in obtaining information.  <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> There would be a lot of acceptable answers to a problem</li> </ul> It would be like a case to case basis.  A specified issue could have many acceptable answers and solutions.  <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> It is dependent on the past and everyday experiences</li> </ul> Everyday intelligence will develop along with its reliance to what has been experienced and what has being experience as of the moment.  <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> It needs personal effort of participation and contribution</li> </ul> As practical as it is, everyday intelligence requires personal involvement and participation in achieving answers and solution to a defined subject.    Discussion: The two types of intelligence characterized and classified in the above statements are apparently in the contrary.  Most of the characteristics are to some extent opposite to the other.  While it has been perceived that analytical intelligence is synonymous to academic intelligence, however, argues the there is a big difference between them.  There are other contrasting ideas on this matter. People often say that success in life and career is based on good IQ, and that they can only achieve their goals in life with a high test score or high IQ.  Conversely,  in her own experience, IQ and high test scores do not determine how well an individual will succeed in life.    In relation to Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence             Robert J. Sternberg developed the Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence that includes three sub-theories: Analytical, Creative, and Practical.  The first one, Analytical facet is considered by Sternberg to be the reflection of how an individual relates to the internal world.  This Analytical Intelligence (Academic skills), Sternberg believes, is based on the joint operations of metacomponents and performance components and knowledge acquisition components of intelligence.  This statement from Sternberg agrees from the above characteristics of Academic Intelligence that in the knowledge acquisition component, learning is based on memorizing things in our learning capacity.              With Sternberg’s third sub-theory, Practical Intelligence, it is the contextual aspect of intelligence that reflects how the individual relates to the external world.  This sub-theory is apparently what is called Everyday Intelligence that involves the person’s ability to grasp, understand and deal with everyday tasks.  As characterized above, Everyday intelligence is gained through adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one’s life.

Intelligence

Academic Intelligence Characteristics Problems are formulated by other people In academic intelligence, ther...

Research proposal on Pulverized eggshell as an alternative in making Portland Cement

Pulverized eggshell as an alternative in making Portland cement   Introduction Accordingly, cement, or some form of cementing material is an essential ingredient in most forms of building construction. This has been considered as the vital binding agent in concretes, mortars and renders, and is used for the production of walling blocks and roofing tiles. Since its invention in the first half of the 19th century, Portland cement has been noted to be one of the broadly used cementitious materials. Its dominance over other cements has been in part, due to successful, aggressive marketing. This is despite its clear technical disadvantages for specificalapplications. In addition Portland cement is relatively expensive to produce and is often in short supply in many developing countries. Typically, a rural abourer may need to work for up to two weeks to earn enough money to avail a bag of cement. Hence, they need a cheaper alternative for Portland cements ingredients to make it more affordable.  Since the cost of ingredients of Portland cements are very expensive, the government and other institutions are trying to make a better alternative to produce Portland cement. Primarily, the goal of this paper is to provide a project proposal on using eggshells in making Portland Cement. Institutional Framework: The aim of this project is to propose an alternative way to produce Portland Cement which is through pulverized eggshells, in this regard, the major national institution involved in this project framework can consider Science, and Technology along with the local community and local authorities in the Philippines.These groups can be considered to have broad ranging abilities in developing and initiating the new discoveries in agricultural sectors. The proposed project has incorporated many of the suggestions put forward by the agricultural and structure department.  .   THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: The researcher theorizes that pulverized eggshells can be used as an alternative ingredients in making Portland Cement.. It is said that the research will conceptualize new discoveries to make a more cheaper but quality cements.        The theoretical framework guiding this research is the concept that pulverized eggshells can be used in making   Background Of the Study Social advantages of alternative ingredients in making Portland cement include the potential for affordable quality housing and the opportunity for local employment generation. The technical as well as economic advantages of alternative ingredients  are not lost on architects and engineers from developed countries. Increasingly, architects, are becoming aware of the brittleness associated with Portland cement mortars, for instance, and are now specifying pulverized eggshell as well as re-discovering the ‘lost arts’ of using alternative binders, recent research has enabled the properties of alternative binders to be thoroughly investigated and catalogued. A body of knowledge has built up on the appropriate application of conventional binders such as clay, lime and pozzolanas, not only in the repair and conservation of historic buildings, monuments and structures but also in adventurous and innovative new build applications. However, there are new alternatives such as pulverized eggshells which researcher can use.   Research Design This study uses the descriptive approach.  This descriptive type of research will utilize observations in the study.  To illustrate the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) will guide the researchers when he stated: “Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition.  The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena.” The research described in this document is based on qualitative and quantitative method. The qualitative method permits a flexible and iterative approach, while the quantitative research method permits specification of dependent and independent variables and allows for longitudinal measures of subsequent performance of the research subject. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This allows investigation of important new issues and questions as they arise, and allows the investigators to drop unproductive areas of research from the original research plan.

Research proposal on Pulverized eggshell as an alternative in making Portland Cement

Pulverized eggshell as an alternative in making Portland cement Introduction Accordingly, cement, or some form of cementing mater...

Essay Instructions on Problem, Framework and Research Questions Assignment

For the project assignment, submit a problem statement of your research proposal, the qualitative and quantitative research questions, and the theoretical framework and analysis of the link between your theory and your questions. Complete the following: 1. Choose a theory that informs your chosen area of research. 2. Write a clear statement of the problem. 3. consider the two research questions (qualitative and quantitative) you drafted in unit 1 (A. How do being abusive to animals as an adolescent affect your criminal behavior in the future? - Qualitative Research Question. B. Is there a comparison between childhood animal cruelty and criminal behavior in adolescence? - Quantitative Research Question) 4.Explain how the theory you have chosen as your framework links to words or elements in each of your research questions and how you have to modify your questions to incorporate basic concepts or assumptions of the theory. Note: You will not use the grounded theory approach to your qualitative question. 5. Rewrite the two research questions incorporating concepts or variables to be examined, clearly linking them to the theoretical framework and clearly phrased to indicate qualitative or quantitative methodology. 6. support your conclusion with references to the professional literature. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Essay Instructions on Problem, Framework and Research Questions Assignment

For the project assignment, submit a problem statement of your research proposal, the qualitative and quantitative research questions, and...

Leadership Research

Leadership Research “Path-Goal Theory of Leadership”  Focus of the Research            The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership was developed to describe the way that leaders encourage and support their followers in achieving the goals they have been set by making the path that they should take clear and easy.  In particular, leaders clarify the path so subordinates know which way to go, remove roadblocks that are stopping them going there, and increasing the rewards along the route. Leaders can take a strong or limited approach in these. In clarifying the path, they may be directive or give vague hints. In removing roadblocks, they may scour the path or help the follower move the bigger blocks. In increasing rewards, they may give occasional encouragement or pave the way with gold (). Research Approach            Leaders who show the way and help followers along a path are effectively 'leading'.  This approach assumes that there is one right way of achieving a goal and that the leader can see it and the follower cannot.  This casts the leader as the knowing person and the follower as dependent.  It also assumes that the follower is completely rational and that the appropriate methods can be deterministically selected depending on the situation. Researcher’s Conclusions             The development of the path-goal theory of leadership was a triumph of the theory building process. An examination of the components of the underlying motivation model led House to question what aspects of leader behavior might affect these components; this led him to his breaking with the traditional dimensions of initiation of structure and consideration to the richer set of: directive, supportive, achievement-oriented, and participative. Relationship of the Research to Leadership Theories             In the book of l Leadership by there were six leadership styles mentioned compared to  research which has four.  With regards to Situational Leadership, the Path-Goal Theory proved to be alike to some other researches as  that claimed on different leadership styles depending on situations and had also cited situational factors affecting the leadership effectiveness.        Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Leadership Research

Leadership Research “Path-Goal Theory of Leadership” Focus of the Research The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership was devel...

Theoretical Framework

Theoretical Framework             Nurses are ready to serve and care 24 hours / day from the moment of admission ‘till the patient get discharge. They strive to empower patients with their health teaching thus, the Modern Adult Learning: Andragogy vs. Pedagogy (1970) will be the basis of the program for the said population for this, enables nurses to inculcate education in the treatment regimen with goal-oriented and specfic objectives to be met and at the same time will promote adherence to the treatment. This will also be supported still, one of  work which is Self – Directed Learning (1975) on which there is convincing evidence that people who take the initiative in learning (proactive learners) learn more things, and learn better, than do people who sit at the feet of teachers passively waiting to be taught (reactive learners). In his 1970 book, The Modern Practice of Adult Education: Andragogy vs. Pedagogy, Knowles wrote, "... At its best, an adult learning experience should be a process of self-directed inquiry, with the resources of the teacher, fellow students, and materials being available to the learner but not imposed on him." The clearest way to contrast adult learning (often called "andragogy") with pedagogy (instructor-directed learning) is to note that adults appear to do better when the reason for learning is clear and involves activities that are problem oriented, personalized, incorporate self-direction and involve personal responsibility. This was even mentioned in his book, Informal Adult Education (1950); puts it as education as the sole solution for older adults in dealing with human relations. This fact makes the task of every nurses who cares for older adult groups’ real, specific, and clear and that they not only give the correct medication but at the same time bridge the gap of lack of knowledge that at certain point alters the perceptions of this population to adhere in heart failure medications. The reason is that an individual cannot follow a certain regimen that is dictated by others. Attitudes and opinions are formed primarily in the study groups, work groups, and playgroups with which adults affiliate voluntarily. Goal-oriented objectives, such as compliance on the heart medication education program to be taught by the telemetry nurses on their discharge teachings, provide the necessary or incentive to induce learning. In order to equipped these nurses they must at least understand the varying degrees of characteristic of older adults considering the set criteria of  that differentiate adults from child learners of which are the following: (1) Self-concept – the concept of self moves from dependent to a self – directed human being. (2) Experience - accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning. (3) Readiness to learn - his readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his social roles’ (4) Orientation to learning - his time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly his orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject-centeredness to one of problem centeredness.’ (5) Motivation to learn - motivation to learn is internal’ ( 1984:). The goal is to provide better education program that which will yield to promote better patient outcomes that is which, if educators are to be successful they must incorporate in their minds the seven-step process developed by Knowles basing on the above criteria that he called for adult educators to: (1) set a cooperative learning climate. (2) Create mechanisms for mutual planning. (3) Arrange for a diagnosis of learner needs and interests. (4) Enable the formulation of learning objectives based on the diagnosed needs and interests. (5) Design sequential activities for achieving the objectives. (6) Execute the design by selecting methods, materials, and resources. (7) Evaluate the quality of the learning experience while diagnosing needs for further learning. In its broadest importance, 'self-directed learning' describes, according to  (1975: 18) a process: in which individuals take the initiative, with or without the help of others, in diagnosing their learning needs, formulating learning goals, identifying human and material resources for learning, choosing and implementing appropriate learning strategies, and evaluating learning outcomes. This by itself, coincides with the learning capabilities as they mature wholistically since, its statistically proven that as an individual grows the mind goes with it; learning is a never ending process as long as there is adequate and simultaneous stimulation. The heart failure education program is intended to measure the knowledge capacity of telemetry nurses who are responsible in fueling the mind of the adults, not by mere imposition of ideas but their sense of motivation to learn; if they may be able to adhere the treatment regimen through adequate discharge teaching as they met the objectives set by the nurses. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Theoretical Framework

Theoretical Framework Nurses are ready to serve and care 24 hours / day from the moment of admission ‘till the patient get...

Attachments are likely to be asymmetric

Infant Observation: Attachment Theory Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction.. 1 References. 3   Abstract Introduction             Attachment is the bond of tie between an individual and an attachment figure. Between two adults, attachment can be reciprocal and mutual, on the other hand, between a child and his or her parental or care giving figure, attachment are likely to be asymmetric. The attachment theory explained that the need for safety as well as protection that is paramount in infancy as well as childhood is considered as the basis of the said bond ( 1992).              said that animals were, in the first place rendered social, and that they feel, as a consequence, uncomfortable when they separated from each other, on the other hand, they feel the other way around when they are together.  The said statement suggest that  may have been the first attachment theorist, but he just focused on the society instead of specific person in the life of an individual and comrades instead of figures ( 1999).  As a result, he became the first person that appreciated the degree where in human social nature may have been the product of strong, directional selection pressure.             Attachment theory can be considered as the joint work of , by drawing important concepts from ethnology, cybernetics, information processing, developmental psychology as well as psychoanalysts.  is the one that formulated the basic tenets of the theory by revolutionizing the idea regarding the bond or tie of a child to his or her mother, as well as their disruption by their separation, deprivation as well as bereavement. On the other hand,  offers innovative methodology that had helped to made it possible to test some of the ideas of  in empirical ways but also helped to expand the theory that is responsible for some of the new direction of the subject. In addition,  focuses on explaining the existence of attachment figure as a secure base where in an infant can explore the world. Furthermore, she also formulated the concept regarding the maternal sensitivity to the infant signals as well as its role in the development of the infant-mother attachment patterns ( 1992).              admired the theoretical vision of spent much of his career treading an in intellectual path that  had established first.  developed a grand theory regarding the personality development across the lifespan which is the lifespan. His interest towards the subject of cognitive, emotional as well as behavioral ties that connections of human began with an perceptive observation. He stated that across all human culture, and even several primate species, young and vulnerable infants tend to display a given sequence of reactions that follows after his or her separation from his or her stronger, older and often wiser caregivers. Instantaneously, after the separation, the infant more often protest vehemently, crying, screaming as well as throwing temper tantrums as they reach for their caregivers. According to , the said strong protest during the early phases of absence of the caregiver is an initial strategy that helps to encourage survival, especially in different species with the developmentally immature and highly dependent infants ( 1999). Furthermore, if the loud and persistent protests of the infant fail to retrieve their caregivers, they will soon enter the second stage, which is despair, where in their motor activity slow down and they fall silent. According to  despondency is considered as the logical second strategy that can be used in order to promote survival. Excessive movement for a long periods of time may result in different injuries and damage and their loud protest with movement are likely to draw predators, that’s why if the protest fail to retrieve their caregivers, the next best strategy for survival is to avoid actions that may result to the risk of self-inflicted harm or even predation ( 1999).             After that stage, infants who are not yet reunited with their caregivers will enter the third and final stage, which is detachment. In this phase the infant begin to continue or resume his or her normal activity in the absence of a caregiver that will lead them to show manner of highly independent and self-reliant. According to the main function of detachment is to clear or remove away all the formed affectional relationship in order to give way with the new and potential caregivers ( 1999). Ainsworth focuses on the security theory that stated that the infant and young children need to develop a secure dependence on their parents before launching out into unfamiliar situations. In her study about the evaluation of Adjustment Based Upon the Concept of Security, she stated that the familial security during the early stages is considered as of a dependent type that helps to form different basis from the individual that can work out gradually, forming new skills as well as interests in other fields. When the familial security is lacking, the individual is handicapped by the lack of what might call as secure base italics added from which to work ( 1992).                                                                                 Interesting News Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Attachments are likely to be asymmetric

Infant Observation: Attachment Theory Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction .. 1 References . 3 Abstract Introdu...

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