Research Korner: Research Methodology Dissertation

Research Proposal on Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People?

Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People? Introduction In the continuing efforts of the organizations to create a competitive advantage against their competitors and establish a strong relationship in the market, they tend to apply various motivational approaches that can increase the performance. People are considered as the most natural helpers or workers that maybe not perfect but can move according to what is being asked them to do. Based on the theories of motivation, there are many strategies that the leaders can use to satisfy the people’s needs for improvement. In addition, the quality of work is what being paid by the leaders. The continuous effort of the HR managers and organizational leaders in harnessing the professionalism out of the employees is one of then main targets of the business leaders.   Background of the Study and Problem Statement Although, there are many innovative ways that already established to improve the quality of performance that might contribute in the overall performance of the organization. Still, leaders are seeking to the most effective option that can be easily handled. Most of the actions being taken by the leaders are the motivational approach which increases the performance of an employee. However, the knowledge about the motivation is not enough unless it is proven effective by the organization.  The motivational approach suggests that employees should provide the expected effort from them according to what is being paid by the firm. On the other hand, what is the most effective way to increase the performance of an employee is through the use of payment.  Research Aim and Objectives The main aim of the study is to understand the motivational approach through the use of payment and as well as measuring its effectiveness in all the level of employees. There are three important objectives that can help the study achieve its aim. First is to have a deep understanding on the objectives or purpose of motivation. Second is to determine the various approaches being implemented by the leaders just to reach their expectancy on their employees. And last is to consult the perceptions of the employees regarding the payment as a motivational approach.  Literature Review Critically, the nature of motivation centers with the energy, direction, persistence and partial achievement in doing a certain work. There are different intention that portrays of each employee because of their uniqueness in terms of characteristics and bearing. Typically, a person enables to achieve their goals by fueling great enthusiasm towards it. Within the study of motivation, there is a wide concept which has been widely applied in both academics and professional world. The overall result of motivation is highly valued because of the positive implications that it promises within the organization. In a lighter way, motivation can be alike to the carrot and stick technique, wherein the leaders gives punishment and rewards to the people who are not focusing on their appropriate responsibilities. The organizational leaders embrace the truths that the people play their role within the workplace according to the factors that might affect them (Linnenbrink and Pintrich, 2002). Most of the previous studies pertaining to the motivational approach gave emphasized on the monetary rewards that can be the answer on the needs of an employee. The payment scenario is not entirely the total motivation for the employee but still proven effective to develop the potentials found among the individuals. The kind of payment being given by the organization is different among the compensation or standard payment the employees. In this matter, the organization should be prepared on the certain conditions that might be presented in the implementation of the monetary rewards. The challenge is now on the business and their ability to answer the stability of their financial matters because it is another expense that they must cover (Alexy and Leitner, 2007; Ghosh, 2007). Methodology The suggested method in the study is the use of the survey and interview within a typical workplace. Firstly, there should be a consultation in the population of the workforce regarding the existence of motivation and the influence that it created to increase their performance. The survey will be in a form of questionnaire using the Likert Scale to make it easier to the participants. The second phase of the method which is the interview will serve as a supporting documentary that will determine on how effective the motivational approach can be in the eyes of the managers. In addition, the use of payment as a motivational approach is not being set aside and which will be the center of the interview.    References: Alexy, O., & Leitner, M., (2007) “Norms, Rewards, and Their Effect on the Motivation of Open Source Software Developers”, Accessed 17 June 2010, from http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/Alexy_Leitner_-_Norms_Rewards_and_Their_Effect_on_the_Motivation_of_OSS_Developers.pdf Ghosh, R.A., (2007) “Study on the Economic Impact of Open Source Software on Innovation and the Competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Sector in the EU”, Accessed 17 June 2010, from http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ict/policy/doc/2006-11-20-flossimpact.pdf Linnenbrink, E., & Pintrich, P., (2002) “Motivation as an Enabler for Academic Success”, School Psychology Review, Vol. 31, No. 3

Research Proposal on Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People?

Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People? Introduction In the continuing efforts of the organizations to create a competitive advan...

Research Proposal : How can sick abuse be managed effectively?

Sick Leave Abuse in the Workplace   Sick leave is one thing that every employee needs and is approved and mandated by work related laws and such using of employees’ sick leave options leave abuses occur along the way and the  central question for this research will have to be, ‘How can sick leave abuse be managed effectively?’, this pertains to the workplace. There are several factors affecting sick leave and why employees resulted into such abuses of the privilege known for, management of sick leave is effective if there can be available information from official statistics and descriptive studies on association between demographic background factors and sickness absence, evidence on the causal relationship between these factors and sick leave is lacking. There was moderate scientific evidence that the amount of sickness absence is influenced by the design of the social insurance system, but insufficient evidence on the magnitude of change required to influence the level of sickness absence (Allebeck and Mastekaasa, 2004 p. 49). The possible consequences of sick leave can be measured at different levels in society and to focus on consequences from perspective of sick-listed individual as noted, sick leave may have positive and negative consequences for employee, such as regarding disease, health, working life, social life, lifestyle and emotional aspects. The lack of relevant studies is most striking observation from review of studies on the consequences of being sick listed (Vingård, Alexanderson and Norlund, 2004 p. 207).   There has been concern regarding abuse of sick leave by school employees as suggestions have been offered for reducing the abuse of sick leave both within education and industry. Reviewing of 4 to 6 research studies that evaluate plans for reducing sick leave abuse among various categories of employees. Thus, paid sick leave serves to relieve any possible economic burden on professional employee who is ill, protect school children from the necessity of being exposed to a teacher with an illness which might be communicated to them, and obviate the problem of teachers performing at a low level of proficiency by reason of an incapacitating illness. However, there are occasions on which healthy employees take leave of their duties for other than reasons of sickness but attribute their absences to personal illness. According to review in literature, there have been categories of plans being devised to prevent such misuses of sick leave provisions such as offering of rewards or bonuses for not using sick leave, elimination of psychological and medical reasons for sick leave abuse. Studies pertaining to categories will be described as well as methods that attempt to eliminate reasons for sick leave abuse. The need to specify that discipline as a result from repeated sick leave abuse and misuse, keeping policy flexible, determining if and why employees exploit leave policies is important. Just as an employer analyzes turnover, the organization should also look at sick leave abuse trends. Is leave usage higher in one department or under particular supervisor? Are workplace practices or policies affecting absences? Do children’s illnesses in turn lead to employee's time-off? Finding the root cause of sick leave abuse problems helps in addressing core issues.  Methods for monitoring sick leave abuse vary from one organization to the next, but there are some common guidelines employers can follow (Heathfield, S. Sick Leave Abuse: A Chronic Workplace Ill? Encourage Appropriate Sick Leave Use. About.com). -          Recognize the problem with sick leave abuse and intervene early before it escalates. Managers need to enforce sick leave policies and take appropriate action -          Find out why the employee is abusing leave. Talk to employees who are abusing leave and see if their behavior stems from personal problem -          Learn to say "no, do not allow employees get away with abusing leave policies -          Use procedures, regulations, practices and knowledge to benefit management as well as the employee. Supervisors and managers must work with employees, make certain that all employees are aware of sick leave policies and how to use them Issues -          The one reason why employees take sick leave is because they are ill and unfit to come to work -          Some employees take sick leave when they are not genuinely sick   Options -          Cashing out of paid sick/personal/carer’s leave entitlement -          Adopt “family-friendly” initiatives -          Offer incentives for employees to come to work rather take time-off on sick pay -          Encourage firms and organizations to adopt strategic absence management strategies Sick leave is necessary benefit for all employees. If an employer didn’t offer sick leave, they would accelerate health problems and the spread of illness, thereby lowering productivity and morale. Despite the pressure for perfect attendance to improve customer service and efficiency, employees need equitable sick leave programs for security and overall high performance. Yet, some organizations suffer from sick leave abuse, and sick leave abuse translates into lost dollars. Pattern of abuse with regard to sick leave does refer to employees who have violated the organization’s attendance policy on numerous occasions. In order to confidently discipline employees with attendance problems, legal experts say the best bet is to have clearly written policy that specify organization standards and employee requirements.       References Chapter 5. Risk factors for sick leave – general studies Peter Allebeck; Arne Mastekaasa Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 1651-1905, Volume 32, Issue 5, Supplement 63, 2004, Pages 49 – 108   Chapter 9. Consequences of being on sick leave Eva Vingård;  Kristina Alexanderson; Anders Norlund Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 1651-1905, Volume 32, Issue 5, Supplement 63, 2004, Pages 207 – 215

Research Proposal : How can sick abuse be managed effectively?

Sick Leave Abuse in the Workplace Sick leave is one thing that every employee needs and is approved and mandated by work related laws...

A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China

A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China 1.0 Title             The working title of the research was initially drafted as: A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China. This paper presents a proposal to research, explore and study the application of Village Renewal of Austria in Rural Development in China. In this proposal, the concepts and ideas about Village Renewal and Rural Development will be discussed briefly as well as the information about the implementation process of the study. 2.0 Background of the Study             Currently, China is undergoing massive changes in its economic performance and condition. China is considered as the fastest growing economy in the world, and considered as the third largest economy in the world after USA and Japan. This rise and growth is considered as phenomenon because the country can be considered as “sleeping” for a long time. One of the important strategies being implemented in the country is to improve the infrastructure and condition in the rural areas. This focuses on improving the living conditions in the rural areas, which consequently help in order to narrow the gap between the rural and urban lives (Holcim Foundation n.d.). With this, Beijing, China is considered as one of the first places in China where in Village Renewal was applied. Village renewal was adapted from Austria. The movement of Village Renewal is considered as a story of success in Lower Austria which started in 1984 with 4 pilot villages. Thus, currently, it is considered as the biggest initiative of the citizens that have existed in the country (Dorf & Stadt n.d.).             The main direction of Village Renewal in Lower Austria is to improve and strengthen the local communities. The participation of many members of the communities in the planning processes and the steps in implementing the plans help to improve the standard of quality of the projects together with the high level of acceptance from the citizens (Raumordnung-Noe n.d.).   3.0 Objectives of the Study             The main aim of the study is to evaluate and assess the application of Austria’s Village Renewal in China rural development in Beijing. In connection, the following are the specific objectives of the study: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> 	<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	to analyze the perceptions of the citizens towards Village Renewal;</li> 	<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	to describe the advantages and benefits of Village Renewal for the citizens’ 	lives; and</li> 	<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	to present the advantages and benefits of Village Renewal to the overall 	economic and social condition of the community.</li> </ul> On the other hand, the following are the hypotheses of the study: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> 	<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	Village Renewal helps to improve the overall infrastructure, structure and 	design of village in Beijing;</li> 	<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	Village Renewal had helped the living conditions of citizens in terms of 	economic and social aspects; and</li> 	<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	Village Renewal had helped to improve the cooperation and responsiveness of 	the citizens towards changes and development in the society.</li> </ul>                   4.0 Methodology 4.1 Data Collection             Survey questionnaire, interview and observation will be used in this study in order to gather primary data. This will focus on the perceptions, acceptance, benefits and advantages of Village Renewal based on the perspectives of the citizens. 4.2 Sample Frame             The sample frame of this study will be from one of the village in Beijing China. First, the name of individual villages will be listed in piece of paper, and based on this, the village where the study to be implemented will be drawn. Then 60% of the entire population (18 and above years old) will be surveyed and observed. 4.3 Data Analysis The data results of the study will be analyzed by determining their corresponding frequency, percentage and weighted mean. The following statistical formulas will be used:   1.         Percentage – to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire.             n % = -------- x 100            ;           n – number of responses             N                                  N – total number of respondents   2.         Weighted Mean             f1x1 + f2x2 + f3x3 + f4x4 + f5x5 x = ---------------------------------------------;                                     xt where: f – weight given to each response             x – number of responses             xt – total number of responses 4.4 Timetable 	 		 		 		  		 		 		 		June 		 		 		 		July 		 		 		 		August 		 		 		 		September 	 	 		 		 		 		1 		 		 		 		2 		 		 		 		3 		 		 		 		4 		 		 		 		5 		 		 		 		6 		 		 		 		7 		 		 		 		8 	 	 		 		 		 		Problem 		 		 		Identification 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Literature 		 		 		Review 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Research 		 		 		Design 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Choice of 		 		 		Methodology 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Data 		 		 		Sources 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Data 		 		 		Collection 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Data 		 		 		Analysis 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Writing up 		 		 		Draft 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Editing 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Final 		 		 		Document 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		 		Binding of 		 		 		Document 		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  		 		 		 		  	           5.0 References Dorf & Stadt, Village Renewal, http://www.dorf-stadterneuerung.at/ (Accessed on 15 June 2010). Holcim Foundation, Measuring Up to the Criteria of Sustainable Construction – “People”, http://www.holcimfoundation.org/ (Accessed on 15 June 2010). Raumordnung-Noe, Village Renewal in Lower Austria, http://www.raumordnung-noe.at/ (Accessed on 15 June 2010).

A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China

A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China 1.0 Title The wo...

Research Proposal on Corporate Governance Practices of Listed Companies in Ghana: An Evaluation.

Introduction             Corporate governance is more than just board processes and procedures. It involves the full set of relationships between a company’s management, it’s board, its shareholders and its stakeholders, such as its employees and the community in which it is located (Witherell 2000, p. 25).             The focus of corporate governance activity is normally directed toward the internal workings of the company and involves the balancing of the advantages of the corporate form which includes the separation of ownership and management functions that ensures limited individual liability for corporate losses with the need to exert effective oversight over managerial decision-making. It normally combines a strong measure protection for shareholder interest over both the short and long term, while also balancing those interests with those of a wider stakeholder community. Mechanisms of corporate governance do this by reviewing corporate strategy, regulating the company’s overall exposure to financial and other risks, and ensuring that stringent procedures for internal and external auditing and fiscal transparency are in place. The typical governance structure includes a board of directors composed of a number of senior company executives and outside non-executive members who are not involved in the day-to-day management of the company (Dematosi 2002, p. 423). Corporate Governance according to Tricker (1997), is concerned with holding to account the modern corporation, whether it be a large or small holding company and subsidiaries, listed, private, government or non-profit entity (cited in Kakabadse 2001, p. 19). One influential interpretation of corporate governance is to find a way to maximize wealth creation in a manner that does not impose inappropriate costs on third parties or on society as a whole (Monks and Minow, 1996 cited in Kakabadse 2001, p. 19). Within this definition, wealth creation is assessed fro a macro (stakeholder) perspective, including the wealth created for employees and the community as well as investors, thus requiring control and supervision in order to prevent stakeholder claims. Hence, the aim of corporate governance is to evaluate options by measuring them against the goal protecting individual liberty, maximizing wealth in a sustainable way and managing change, which requires a balance of power between the distinct elements of the corporation. From this perspective, corporations are seen as having multiple responsibilities, needing to balance competing conditions, such as long and short term notion gain, profit and sustainability, cash and accounting concepts of value, democracy and authority, power and accountability. Thus the focus is on the way enterprises are governed, as distinct from managed, highlighting the relationship between boards and their shareholders, the company regulators, the auditors and other legitimate stakeholders inside and outside the enterprise, and between directors and top management (Kakabadse 2001, p. 19). Overall, effective corporate governance application requires a system of checks and balances to define appropriately the parameters of authority, and limit the abuse of that authority or power through accountability, while assuring that the right questions get asked of the right people. Moreover, considering that the pace of change is increasing, corporate governance is viewed as being needed to enable corporations to respond to, effect, and even lead, change (Monks and Minow  1996 cited in Kakabase 2001, p. 20). The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Principles of Corporate Governance cover five areas (Sparkes 2002, p. 235). These are: 1. The corporate governance framework should protect shareholders’ rights, they should receive timely and accurate information about a company where they are investors, and they should have the right to participate in major decisions. 2. The corporate governance framework should ensure the equitable treatment of all shareholders, including minorities and foreign shareholders; in particular, members of the board and executives should disclose any material interests in transactions. 3. The corporate governance framework should recognize the rights of stakeholders in corporate governance, there should be cooperation between corporations and stakeholders on issues like jobs, the local communities, suppliers and the environment. 4. The corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporation. This includes ownership and governance as well as financial disclosure, and information material should be audited. 5. The corporate governance framework should ensure the strategic guidance of the company, the effective monitoring of management by the board’s accountability to the company and the shareholders.   The principles can be summarized in terms of four values. These are: 1. Equitable treatment/Fairness 2. Responsibility 3. Transparency 4. Accountability             These values link corporate governance to important elements of governance in broader sense: the battle against bribery and corruption; corporate responsibility and ethics; public sector governance; and regulatory form (Witherell 2000, p. 28).   Research Question             This research aims to answer the question “What are the corporate governance practices of listed companies in Ghana?” Specifically, this research aims to answer the following questions: 1. How is corporate governance being implemented in Ghana? 2. What are the government policies related to corporate governance in Ghana? 3. How do public listed companies in Ghana implement OECD principles in corporate governance? 4. Are the Corporate Governance Code of the Securities and Exchange Commission of Ghana being followed by public listed companies? 5. What are the provisions of the Listing Rules of the Ghana Stock Exchange on Corporate Governance? 6.How effective is corporate governance in Ghana and what are the possible steps that the government and public listed companies can employ to ensure transparency and accountability?   Research Methodology             The planned methodology is secondary research. The researcher will make use of published materials such as books, magazines and newspapers to collect data and information regarding the topic. The researcher will also make use of the internet to obtain information about the company such as its background and other related information. For the research, the researcher will mainly rely on secondary data in obtaining the information. Due to inaccessibility of the subject or the case study, other research methods are not applicable. Secondary data are data that have been collected for some other purpose. Secondary data can provide a useful source from which to answer the research question(s). Punch (1998) mentions several advantages of using existing data. Expenditure on obtaining data can be significantly reduced and data analysis can begin immediately, so saving time. Also, the quality of some data may be superior to anything the researcher could have created alone (Thomas, 2004, p. 191). On the other hand, the chosen research method also has several disadvantages. Data that have been gathered by others for their own purposes can be difficult to interpret when they are taken out of their original context. It is also much more difficult to appreciate the weak points in data that have been obtained by others. The data may be only partially relevant to the current research question (Thomas, 2004, p. 191).

Research Proposal on Corporate Governance Practices of Listed Companies in Ghana: An Evaluation.

Introduction Corporate governance is more than just board processes and procedures. It involves the full set of relationsh...

Research Proposal on The Role of Micro and Small Enterprise in Reducing Poverty

The Role of Micro and Small Enterprise in Reducing Poverty Introduction Poverty is one of the greatest challenges that every country faces. The indication of poverty may arise from the cost of living of the population residing in the said country. Added to that, if the family doesn’t have an income earner, or has a great number of family members and there is a little income, the poverty can be accounted. Both developed and developing countries recognize the existence of poverty which can be another hindrance in the continuous progress of the entire country. Background and Problem Statement The government and other agencies propose the different ways in reducing the poverty. From strengthening the employment program to establishing the options in increasing the impact of livelihood program, all of the aim is concentrated in the participation of the people. The benefits that can be gained through the programs can deliver the improvement in the level of living of the families through the introduction of micro and small enterprise. It is very well said that the micro-financing can help the families improve their lives. However, it is more admirable if the families are open in building their own business just to satisfy their everyday needs.  Research Aim and Objectives The main aim of the study is to determine the role of micro and small enterprises in the action of the society in reducing the poverty. Since poverty is considered as one of the cues for the country to aim for development, the people should also move and act to achieve the quality of living. To support the aim of the study, there are three objectives that can serve as the guide towards its completion. First is to discover the main objectives of the micro and small enterprises in the society. Second is to measure the impact that it might bring towards the people. And third is to recognize the evidences that may brighten the idea that in the long run, the micro and small enterprises can help reduce the poverty. Literature Review Micro and small enterprises play a great role in the economies. In addition, the micro-financing that can be part of the industrialization and economic growth can lessen the impact of the global economic uncertainties. The individuals can use the opportunity according to their managerial style, to what is needed in the community and other reasons that can accommodate the changes and towards fighting the poverty. Through the continuous growth of economy, the micro and small enterprises and the cooperative behavior of the people can be the start for the individuals in transforming towards entrepreneurs. Because of the too much openness of the countries in various technological change, globalization, and international market, the small sectors such as agriculture and other small income livelihood activities are left behind. It is expected that the development must affect the small sectors and influence them to foster the growth strategies. In this case, the role of the micro and small enterprises are highlighted by capturing the competitive market of production and service, ensuring the continuous developmental opportunities (FAO, 2008). The economic growth can be linked to the reduction of poverty by the aid of the numbers of small firms and discovering their other potentials. There should be an action towards the competitiveness of the small sectors and systematic intervention. In the long run, the micro and small enterprises can gain the stability in the economic growth (Downing, 2006). However, there should be an extended support coming from the financial sector which also aiming for the same goal in developing the economy towards reduction of policy and strengthening the area of micro and small enterprises. The changing role of the micro and small enterprises is recognized to be synch with the existing informal and formal financing or microfinance (Green, Kirkpatrick, and Murinde, 2006). Methodology The suggested method in the study is the use of comparative case studies that can give the idea towards the growth and expansion of the micro and small enterprises that can be an effective action in reducing poverty. The challenges that are available in the market can be viewed through the use of the case studies that are concentrated on the micro and small enterprises. On the other side, the small enterprises are explained to play an important role in the economies. Through the use of the case studies, the problems that might involve in the micro and small enterprises and the signs for the continuous growth and development of the micro and small enterprises in the coming years are indicated.   References: Downing, J., (2006) “Integrating Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: The Role of Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) Development”, (USAID) United States Agency for International Development, Accessed 15 June 2010, from www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=311 FAO (2008) “Rural Micro-Enterprise Development: A Way to Reduce Poverty”, Food and Agriculture Organization, Accessed 15 June 2010, from http://www.fao.org/ag/AGS/subjects/en/farmMgmt/pdf/livelihood_diversification/brief_rural_micro_enterprise.pdf Green, C.J., Kirkpatrick, C.H., & Murinde, V., (2006) “Policy Arena: Finance for Small Enterprise Growth and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries”, Journal of International Development, Vol. 18, p. 1017, Accessed 15 June 2010, from http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/239950/Murinde_Reading_GKM-JID-article.pdf

Research Proposal on The Role of Micro and Small Enterprise in Reducing Poverty

The Role of Micro and Small Enterprise in Reducing Poverty Introduction Poverty is one of the greatest challenges that every country f...

Does infection control policy prevent the spread of mrsa in hospital patients

Does infection control policy prevent the spread of mrsa in hospital patients

using the IMRAD format. - The general area to be studied - Why this area is important to your practice pathway as a nurse - what is alre...

Chapter 3 On How Forensic Investigators Recognize, Apply And Execute Forensic Accounting Into The Procedures And Approach Of Successful Investigation Of Cyber Related Crimes

Chapter 3 Research Methodology     Methodology             Basically, this dissertation can be classified as a descriptive research dissertation which objects on analyzing computer forensics and its procedures and approach. In this regard, it is essential to have clear picture of the case on which the dissertation author wishes to collect significant and important facts and figures and pertinent information (Saunders et al, 2003) Moreover, the research described in this research dissertation is solely based on qualitative research method which permits the research dissertation to be more flexible with the analysis as well as presentation. During the collection of the facts and figures and pertinent data, the choice and design of the approach and technique are modified constantly based on the ongoing investigation. Herein, the dissertation author may also have the chance to investigate essential aspects as they arise and permits the analysis to drop insignificant and important facts and figures from the original plan             The qualitative approach models are more suitable for this research dissertation than the conventional models to be able to express states of incomplete knowledge about continuous strategies (Benjamin, 1994). The se of qualitative approach ensures to have plausible behaviors consistent with the knowledge in the qualitative mode.              The qualitative evaluation of the facts and figures and pertinent information typically refers to raw, descriptive information regarding global phenomenon from different areas which include the accounting system. Three facts and figures and pertinent information gathering approaches are considered in this model: this include direct observation, as well as in-depth, open-ended interviews. This research intends to investigate computer forensics and its procedures and approach. Secondary Facts and figures and pertinent data For this dissertation study, the author opted to use secondary facts and figures and pertinent data. In this regard, the dissertation author collated, gathered published documents as well as studies from different local and foreign libraries and universities significant and important to computer forensics and forensic accounting after collating significant and important information, the research will summarized the information make a conclusion based collated and analyzed data on the aims and objectives and provide insightful recommendation for the main issue which is about computer forensics. Finding significant and important secondary information involves two interlinked facts. The first aspect is to identify whether the information are available as secondary facts and figures and pertinent information and the second aspect is finding the precise facts and figures and pertinent information  required for the dissertation (Saunders et al, 2003). For this research dissertation, the dissertation author has been able to gather pertinent facts and figures and pertinent information for the research dissertation which is available through the literature review conducted previously. Because of the review, the researched has also been able to collect full and complete data resources to the needed facts and figures and pertinent data. The use of secondary facts and figures and pertinent data will be used as the primary collection and gathering method which will also serve as validity and reliability indicators of the dissertation author ensuring that the collected facts and figures and pertinent information are balance and unbiased. According to authors like Mac Naughton, Rolfe & Siraj-Blatchford (2001), they have noted that the protocols used to ensure accuracy of qualitative facts and figures and pertinent information through alternative explanations by using different perspectives to examine issues which are called triangulation. In line with the case study approach, such could be done by using multiple sources of facts and figures and pertinent information are (Kaplan & Duchon, 1998; Foss & Ellefsen, 2002; Mingers, 2001). The need for triangulation arises from the ethical need to confirm the validity of the procedures and approaches (Yin, 2003). This involves the use of existing facts and figures and pertinent data, collected for the purposes of a prior research dissertation, in order to pursue a research interest which is distinct from that of the original work (Scarbrough & Tanenbaum, 1998; Ruspini, 2002). Single or multiple qualitative facts and figures and pertinent information sets, as well as mixed qualitative and quantitative facts and figures and pertinent information sets are used to support or challenge the findings of the research dissertation (Gilmartin, Hesse-Biber & Lydenberg, 1999; Heaton, 2000). A triangulated research approach wherein facts and figures and pertinent data, investigators, theories, and even methodologies are analyzed simultaneously to validate the findings of the research dissertation using different dissertation studies will be used (Darke, Shanks & Broadbent, 1998). The bulk of the research dissertation will be facilitated under the qualitative paradigm so as to elicit thick information which will be helpful in conceptualizing the arguments of the research endeavor. An in-depth analysis on the findings from the information collected through secondary facts and figures and pertinent information gathering techniques will be made focusing on the comparison of the different cases that the research dissertation will reveal during the organization of the facts and figures and pertinent data. In this regard, an in-depth cross-case comparison analysis will be the main methodology.   Data Analysis and Presentation For the facts and figures and pertinent information analysis of the concepts of the research dissertation, content analysis will be utilized in the research dissertation. Content analysis is the systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding (Markel, 1998; Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998; West, 2001). It is not restricted to the domain of textual analysis but could also include the categorization of illustrations or drawings (Wheelock, Haney & Bebell, 2000) as well as behaviors of individuals that are video tape recorded (Stigler et al, 1999). The facts and figures and pertinent information collected through the key informant interview method were used and manipulated by utilizing the open-coding and axial coding procedures (Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998). This facilitated easier analysis of the qualitative information gathered as patterns, similarities and differences of the responses made by the informants of the research dissertation were classified and categorized to form logical facts and figures and pertinent information analysis and presentation. As such labels, words and statements that were used by the participants to denote or connote similar concepts and themes were grouped and analyzed accordingly to summarize the core findings of the research dissertation (Kerig & Lindahl, 2001; Fairclough, 2003). As such, content analysis enables dissertation authors to sift through large volumes of facts and figures and pertinent information with relative ease in a systematic fashion (Markel, 1998; Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998; West, 2001) and is a useful technique for allowing us to discover and describe the focus of individual, group, institutional, or social attention (Kulm, Dager Wilson & Kitchen, 2005) which allows inferences to be made which can then be corroborated using other methods of facts and figures and pertinent information collection. In the cross-case analysis approach of the research dissertation, content analysis facilitated organized and logical sorting of large facts and figures and pertinent information from interviews in order to arrive at simpler concepts for analysis and discussion as well as in-depth interpretation of the specific cases that were explored so as to come up with holistic analysis of the findings of the research dissertation. As such attributes, constructs and other similar connotations of the topic of the research dissertation were grouped together to synthesize the results of the research dissertation as well as to manage the facts and figures and pertinent information more effectively and efficiently. References <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal"> 	 	Arter, D. (2002) 	Quality Audits for Improved Performance.  ASQ Quality Press; 3 edition</li> 	<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal"> 	 	Atrill, P. 	& McLaney, E. 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Chapter 3 On How Forensic Investigators Recognize, Apply And Execute Forensic Accounting Into The Procedures And Approach Of Successful Investigation Of Cyber Related Crimes

Chapter 3 Research Methodology Methodology Basically, this dissertation can be classified as a descriptive research...