Research Korner: Engineering

Rice and Potato Farming in Australia: A Case Study

INTRODUCTION As a person with experience and knowledge of rice and potato farming in Australia as well as organic farming practices and genetic engineering of food crops, the author has always brought up to his superiors the viability of strategy formation regarding its analysis and at times fail to understand the reasons or logic behind certain strategic implementations imposed on it. By delving into this project paper, the author intends to have better insights into how the consumption behaviour in Australia is thought up, formulated and then interpreted. The author hopes to have an in-depth understanding as to how the changes in customer eating behaviour and their impacts enable the country to compete effectively and profitably in this era of internationalization where competition is extremely intense. In order to reinforce the learning objectives, two key focal issues were focussed upon i.e. innovation and diversity. Innovation was discussed with regards to the consumption behaviour in Australia where it was renowned for its developmental capabilities to constantly innovate. Diversity came under strategic thinking and formation as the author considered the diverse culture, political climate, economic surroundings, social environment, technological settings, government policies and legal systems of Australia in order to better understand the consumption behaviour in Australia. Rice and Potato Farming Rice and potato farming in Australia has blossomed over the years because of the efficient and effective implementation of the farming strategies and tasks necessary to gain abundant rice harvests. Rice and potato farming in Australia focuses on the careful management of the farming processes involved in the production and distribution of rice (George et al. 2002). More often than not, small rice and potato farms in Australia don't really have the capabilities to implement efficient consumption behavior studies. Instead, these farms engage in activities that various schools of agriculture typically associate with consumption behavior. These activities include the monitoring of rice and potato, rice and potato development, production and distribution. However, consumption behavior deals with all operations done within rice and potato farms and plantations. Factors such as the alternative eating habits, the emerging trends, logistics and evaluations are often related with consumption behavior. A great deal of emphasis lies on the efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, consumption behavior includes the analysis and management of internal processes (Audebert et al. 1998). Consumption Behavior in the Hospitality Industry A. Alternative Eating Habits Gone are the days when Australians work on their desks for eight hours a day. Today’s employees want to become as productive as possible while in their offices and interact with different individuals and groups in different settings. The technological advancement in genetic engineering among a variety of foods including potato and rice has allowed workers and employees to access quality and healthy food products in an instant. Because of this rigorous and hectic schedule of employees, it became imperative for them to indulge in healthy meals with rice and potatoes as staple food to help them ease the pressure after every day’s work (Jones, 1999).   B. Customer Eating-out Behavior Normally, customers typically choose the best quality of food based on two (2) main factors: Convenience The Australian rice and potato farms’ dedication to quality for almost three generations now has led to the satisfaction of millions and millions of its customers worldwide. Australian rice of the medium grain Japonica variety was produced by a group of people who pursued the best quality and craftsmanship in terms of rice farming. The Australian rice and potatoes that its customers and citizens eat today is still being produced using nothing but the original and unparalleled farming strategies discovered three generations ago by the Australian farmers. Their mild sweet taste, fresh aroma, bright color and clarity are obtained by using only the purest planting materials without risks of insecticide and pest infestation (Sahrawat et al. 1997). Health The raw materials in the farms used in the production and harvesting of Australian rice and potatoes are able to meet the high quality standards and specifications. The packaging materials where Australian rice and potatoes are sold are also being subjected to strict quality standards. In line to the Australian farm’s policies in food safety, appropriate measures are taken in the milling process of Australian rice and potatoes and all of their brands to prevent the possible contamination. Australian farms implement the principles of the HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) system as a testament to their dedication to quality (Asch et al. 1999).   Emerging Trends A. Organic Farming Practices The occurrence of various organic farming practices within Australia reflects the growing difficulty in the management of the procurement of food for consumption in commercial hospitality operations that require the effective use of valuable resources such as money, materials, equipments, and people. And Australia is no exception to these. This is the reason why organic farming practices are being done by Australian farmers in order to implement and endorse it as the most effective way to coordinate these resources through the application of organic farming methods derived from fields of studies such agriculture, crop science and agronomy (Lin, 1998). Through organic farming practices, food procurement problems are solved in different ways and alternative solutions are then relayed to the farm management. The farm management then selects the appropriate course of action in line with the food procurement goals. More often than not, organic farming practices are concerned with complicated issues such as naturally occurring biological processes, crop resource allocation, designing of crop production facilities and systems and crop diversity. Organic farming actually may vary according to the structures of farms and philosophy of the farm management. But in most cases in Australia, it centralizes in green manure and composting. Organic farming may also have the possibility of utilizing natural pest control methods and livestock raising in order to identify and solve a variety of food procurement problems. No matter what the type or structure of the farm is, organic farming operates under similar sets of methodologies in order to carry out the organic and natural way to support the food procurement process.   B. Genetic Engineering of Food Crops The genetic engineering of food crops determines the best ways to utilize the basic factors of food procurement. These resources include the people, materials, information, and energy needed in the production of genetically engineered foods. Genetic engineering of food crops is the bridge that links the goals of food procurement and farm performance although in an unconventional way. Genetic engineering is concerned with the increase in productivity in food procurement through the genetic modification of a particular food crop and choosing the appropriate methods to enhance its nutritive value without endangering the health of the people (Grove-White, 1997). Genetic engineering of food crops makes sure that it performs the careful analysis of the food crops and the target nutrient requirements that will be modified. In this process, they make use of various mathematical methods in its research to meet the requirements. They also develop systems of management control in order to aid in the planning of finances and cost analysis in the process of genetic engineering. These systems are eventually subjected to improvements for the effective distribution of genetically engineered food crops. This process of genetic engineering of food crops performs the tedious task of selecting which among the various food crops have the best combination of availability and costs. This time, genetic engineers make use of computers for simulations and controlling various activities and devices.   Implications for Pricing Rice and potato farms in Australia base their pricing strategies on several key trends that continuously shape the global marketplace of rice and potatoes. One particular trend is labeled as “premium-tization” (Pham et al. 1989). This phenomenon causes the polarization of different rice and potato markets. This would then trigger the consumers to demand and pay much higher prices for perceived rice and potato quality. However, discounting in prices of rice and potatoes are also simultaneously taking place, therefore squeezing out the middle range. More often than not, rice and potato farms undergo internationalization which leads to a tighter squeeze for shelf space. This will in turn leave them as winners. It is for this reason why Australian rice and potato farms value the “premise sector” so much because this would allow consumers to try their brands at low risk and price. In terms of market segments, premium and specialty brands of organic and genetically engineered foods in Australia have a disproportionate share of volume growth at an estimated 4-5% per year, as against the 2-3% overall growth rate. These rates come up as a result of both the rise in GDP among developing markets and consumer demands for higher value propositions, which is obviously dominated by international brands. Therefore, Australian farms have to increase its portfolio and operate globally to overcome the home market. Australian farms practically operate on a relatively fragmented market, with other farms accounting for 22% of global organic and genetically engineered food volume five years ago and only about 28% today (Dingkuhn, 1996). Improving the Production and Distribution of Food in Australia Rice and potato farms in Australia have been able to maintain their reputation as one of the world's leading rice producers for more than 130 years now. They are able to face the challenges in many of its markets directly. This is made possible by the effective production and distribution strategies aimed to deliver not only profit growth, but also on building down the foundation of rice in Australia (Jones et al. 1996). The production and distribution strategies of Australia are focused mainly on driving the growth of its rice and improving the farm’s financial performance. These may include both genetic engineering of food crops as well as organic farming practices. These strategies have also helped secure significant acquisitions and partnerships. And more importantly, these strategies have led to the release of the potentials of the Australian farm’s farmers, thus building a quality performance- based culture (Futakuchi et al. 1998). The production and distribution strategies of Australia’s farms are practically reinforced by the local employees themselves. These moves certainly allow the rice farms to improve even more without the costs of introducing new technologies. These efforts have resulted in increased financial gains for the farms in Australia and have allowed the establishment of distribution networks for Australia’s food products, whether natural or genetically engineered.   CONCLUSION The results of the analysis carried out on the rice and potato farming of Australia indicated very significant effects, even amidst the threats of unrest. Therefore, we could conclude that the rice and potato farming in Australia could still be expected to improve faster than average. The review of the food consumption behavior in Australia revealed very little inconsistencies regarding the farming strategies of Australian farms. This is coherent with their traditional inside-out approach. However, the need to reconcile both the inside-out and outside-in approaches becomes imperative now for the Australian farms. The analysis among the implications of pricing as well as the improvement in the distribution and production of food revealed certain gaps, most of which are biased towards the environment. However, these gaps paved the way towards determining a number of recommended strategic options to secure the competitiveness of Australian foods. Also, the Australian farms have to find a balance between adherence to internal forces within the management and to the changing forces of the environment in order to implement such strategic options.

Rice and Potato Farming in Australia: A Case Study

INTRODUCTION As a person with experience and knowledge of rice and potato farming in Australia as well as organic farming practices and...

A CASE STUDY ON MULTI-ELECTRONIQUE ET CIE

The paper is all about the case study on Multi-Electronique et Cie. It discusses the strategy chosen by Multi-Electronique et Cie to pursue in its operations. To further analyze its chosen strategy, the Ansoff Matrix is used, with the aid of the SWOT Analysis. The other options available for the Multi-Electronique et Cie is also discussed to evaluate which among the different options available for them is the most advantageous on their part. To end the discussion, the writer gives his personal view about the company’s chosen strategy and presents his personal choice regarding the best-suited strategy among the choices. A brief introduction about the company and the Ansoff Matrix is also discussed to give a background for the reader.      The Multi-Electronique et Cie             In these recent times where stricter competition exists in the business environment, it is a prerequisite for most firms to grow at a certain stage in order to survive in the business world. Therefore, a well-defined scope and growth direction is needed for firms to realize growth. The Multi-Electronique et Cie (ME) is the European market leader in terms of manufacturing high quality aircraft connectors. However, due to the major cutbacks in purchases of the military sector, ME was now suffering from low sales and profits. The worldwide recession, as well as the reductions on the defence program seems to be the foreseeable reason behind this situation. Due to this situation, a thorough evaluation of their present strategy, together with a clearer growth direction is considered necessary for ME’s achievement of its goal of fifteen percent growth yearly.    The Ansoff Matrix             Among the popular matrices used in the identification of the basic alternative strategies for a firm, the Ansoff Matrix is one of them. It provides strategy options for firms who want continued growth. It reduces complexity and provides the company a better knowledge of their product behaviour and market dynamics.             The Ansoff Matrix is a planning aid useful in describing the four possible combinations for products and markets. They are also called the four categories of marketing objectives. They are market penetration (selling of existing products to existing markets/segments), market development (extension of existing products to new markets/segments), product development (development of new products for existing markets/segments), and diversification (development of new products for new markets/segments).   The Pursued Strategy according to the Ansoff Matrix             In order to achieve their goal of fifteen percent growth annually, ME entered into the commercial and industrial sector, regardless of their lack of experience in the said division. In this way, they can boost up their total sales volume. Their strategy is to solve a different need of a totally different customer, and this is the commercial and the industrial market.             By definition, ME had pursued the strategy of diversification, that is achieving their objectives through its entrance into a new market and the introduction of new products. Due to the fact that their objectives are no longer met within their existing product market scope, they have launched a new and totally different set of connectors for the industrial and commercial market.             The connectors used in the commercial and industrial sector seem to be technically the same with the ones used for aircrafts that is why they have chosen to serve these markets. This is called concentric diversification, which is defined as the introduction of new products that is closely related to their current product in the new market. In addition, they also pursued the strategy of technology related concentric diversification. In short, the connectors sold in the commercial and industrial sector is closely related to the ones sold in the aviation market, and there exists a certain kind of similarity between the technologies used in the production of all these three types of connectors.             The term ‘new products’ infers a certain degree of technical innovation, while ‘new market’, on the other hand, presupposes the existence of the element of unfamiliarity in the market situation. The newness factor of the product/market combination, therefore, imposes a certain level of risk for the company that needs to be managed. ME has chosen this alternative despite the fact that this is the riskiest among the said alternatives. This is due to the fact that the synergies such as the production process, and inherent skills within the organization such as the skillful sales force, could be obtained due to the nature of the similarity in the technology used in the production of both types of connectors.                  Different signs of the implementation of the diversification strategy is manifested on the actions undertaken by the ME company. First is the change in the company structure. It was first done in the engineering section. New types of projects and design engineers, knowledgeable in commercial connectors, are taken. A new building was also constructed afterwards, to house the new manufacturing plant for all commercial connectors. Next is the division of the sales team into two. This was due to the fact that the task of selling in the commercial sector is a lot different from selling in the aviation sector. Market research is also extended to further improve the forecasting. This is necessary due to the highly cyclical demand pattern of the new connectors in the new market. Finally, price lists for now are maintained to be up-to-date, particularly for the new connectors. This is due to the constantly changing and unique requirements of the customers from the new market, as compared to those in the aviation sector.        The SWOT Analysis             To give us a more comprehensive background about the status and the standing of the company in its market, it is also important for us to examine the company’s internal and external environment. It will assist us in making effective recommendations about marketing strategy, which can be beneficial to certain companies. A SWOT Analysis draws together the external, as well as the internal factors, and provides a basis for the formulation of business strategies. It can be in the matching of the ME’s resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. (see appendix A for the ME’s SWOT Analysis)   Other Options according to the Ansoff Matrix             Base on the Ansoff Matrix, with the aid of the SWOT analysis, diversification is only one among the alternatives for ME. The other options for them to consider is the market penetration, market development, and product development.   Market Penetration             This is to increase the sales volume of aviation connectors in the existing market. In market penetration, pricing and promotion for the existing product in the existing market needs to be very competitive. However, due to the fewer unknowns, this strategy is less risky compared to the other options.             There are four possible ways for market penetration. First is to increase the number of users of the aviation connectors, through the attraction of competitor-users or conversion of non-users into users. However, the demand saturation and the fierce competition make it impossible to happen. Second is the increase of purchasing frequency of present users. Again, this is impossible since the frequency of purchases depends on the customers’ true demand, in which ME has no control. Third is the increase in average quantity purchased per transaction. Like the second one, this depends on the customers’ purchasing power in which ME has no control, therefore making it impossible to pursue. Lastly, increase lifetime value to achieve retention of customers. This option is useful for ME, only if it would improve its customer service through the development of the full range use of marketing mix such as aggressive promotions and on time door-to-door delivery.   Product Development             This involves the modification of existing products as a way of improving its quality, style or any characteristics valued by the customers. Due to the possibility of failure for the new products and the element of the unknown associated with this type of strategy, it is considered as slight risky. However, this was feasible for ME, since the company has technological skills and competencies to follow an ‘increasing technological newness’ path.             For ME, this can be done through the extension of their product range or through the introduction of new electrical components to the aviation sector. For example, they can carry out further research on the development of new components for their existing customers such as aircraft actuators and engine fan blades, to increase the overall sales volume. Market Development             Finding new users in new markets for the connectors for aviation-use is the one used in this strategy. This can be done in two ways. First is the increase in the number of users in the new market segments in present geographic markets. There are numerous market segments that ME can develop. An example is the military applications. In addition, improved market research enables them to solve customer satisfaction issues in their current area of operation. Second is the increase in the number of users in the new market segment. This is possible through the geographical expansion into other domestic or export market.   Conclusion             To have an assumption that potential customers have satisfied their needs to a greater or lesser extent, is logical, as well as the idea that entrance into new markets poses you to significant risks due to the high costs of investments and dealing of the unknown. However, despite these facts, market development is the best approach suitable for the growth needs of the ME company.             As summarized in the SWOT Analysis, market development gives better chances for developing the competitive advantage of ME. Due to the long well established reputation of ME for high quality connectors (in aviation and military segments), it is already expected that this connectors will soon be accepted in the new market segments (regional, national, or even global). Aside from that, market development is better for them since the sales staffs are reluctant to sell the new product. They are also more technically knowledgeable regarding this product, therefore making them more motivated to sell this compared to the new ones. Furthermore, the synergies obtained from the shared resources and transferable skills are beneficial for them.             Compared to their choice of diversification, market development is less risky and produces higher rates of expected returns. Therefore, market development is considered the most appropriate strategy for ME, based on the other factors on the previous SWOT Analysis.

A CASE STUDY ON MULTI-ELECTRONIQUE ET CIE

The paper is all about the case study on Multi-Electronique et Cie. It discusses the strategy chosen by Multi-Electronique et...

Engineering and Industrial Safety

1. Confined Spaces Question: Compare and contrast the confined space recommendations made by the American Welding Society with those of textbook Chapter 13.             There are differences in the definition of confined spaces of the American Welding Society (AWS) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) resulting to different perspectives in recommended solutions. The AWS defined confined spaces as having limited space and modes of ingress and egress as well as poor ventilation (American Welding Society, 2003a) while the NIOSH defined confined spaces as sufficient space enough for a person ton enter and conduct work, limited means of entry and exit, and does not suit continuous employment. The AWS definition is more restricted while that of the NIOSH is broader (Hammer & Price, 2001). As such, the recommendations of the AWS before and while working in confined spaces dealt with ensuring ventilation and securing a means of exit as responsibilities or roles of the company. The AWS recommended that only machines necessary in conducting work should be in the confined space, modes of exit should be open and accessible at all times, ventilation systems should be in place, modes of turning of gases and fumes inside and outside of the confined space should exist, all materials that could cause danger be removed from the confined space, and safety personnel should be readily available (American Welding Society, 2003a). The recommendations of NIOSH is more general and involving the role of regulatory bodies in ensuring compliance of companies of health and safety procedures pertaining to confined spaces. The NIOSH recommended the acquisition of permits before commencing work in confined spaces within the list of permit-required confined spaces (Hammer & Price, 2001). Obtaining a permit means that the company and other people involved are aware of the procedures in working in confined spaces requiring compliance to secure the health and safety of employees.  2. Chromium and Nickel in Welding Fume Question: Using other web resources, compare and contrast the AWS recommendations for controlling exposure to chromium and nickel welding fumes with those of other organizations. If you were the safety professional reviewing the hazards for manual welding involving exposure to these substances, what controls would you establish?             Welding fumes comprise another health and safety issue. Fumes from welding activities comprise minute particles formed after the condensation of vaporized metal in the air visible as a plume. The health impact of the welding fumes depends on the particular metal components of the fumes. Health impacts could be short or long-term. Short-term impacts are akin to the symptoms of flue. Long-term effects include damage to the lungs or the nerve system. These health effects emerge from inhaling welding fumes that primarily affect the respiratory system. The most dangerous chemicals when inhaled are Chromium, Manganese and Nickel that are components of stainless steel. Inhalation of chromium in welding fumes can cause respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, perforation of the nostrils, and lung cancer as well as damage the kidney and liver. Nickel also has bad effects on the functioning of the respiratory system and liver and kidney as well as allergic reactions. Manganese has bad neurological effects and can cause Manganism with similar symptoms as Parkinson’s disease. (Kaehn et al., 2008)             Various organizations provide recommendations in handling Chromium and Nickel in welding fumes. American Welding Society (2003b) recommended that employees doing welding work on stainless steel and other metals with Chromium and Nickel should wear mouth, nose and head covering to prevent direct inhalation of fumes and gases. There should also be sufficient exhaust or ventilation system in the workroom to prevent the build-up of fumes and the concentration of Chromium and Nickel residues. In case of insufficient or questionable ventilation, sampling of the air is necessary to determine the air safety and conduct solutions as needed such as thoroughly ventilating the workspace. Available protective gear is necessary to maintain low levels of exposure to these welding fumes.             The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (2008) in the United Kingdom recommended the implementation of controls in workplaces involving welding work. Part of the controls is the installation of a local ventilation system and use of protective gear by workers. After inspections, the organization provides recommendations on improving health and safety in the workplace especially in minimizing exposure to welding fumes.             The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States requires the placement of a local exhaust ventilation or a general ventilating system to maintain low levels of fume, gas and dust exposure in the workplace. Maintaining the minimum exposure level is necessary to prevent threats to the health and safety of employees. There could be four types of control methods in maintaining a safe exposure levels, which are: 1) process enclosure to prevent spread of fumes; 2) general mechanical ventilation to disperse harmful fumes and prevent build-up; 3) local exhaust ventilation to prevent the build-up of welding fumes in the area of the welder; and 4) personal protective equipment to keep workers from direct exposure to the welding fumes. (Kaehn et al., 2008) This involves a more encompassing solution.             As a safety professional, a recommended means of addressing the problem of welding fumes, is educating and training employees on detection and action for problems with welding fumes in the workplace, as an addition to ventilation systems and protective gear. This would make workers active parties in health and safety. 3. Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes Question: What are the hazards of thorium? What is the source of thorium exposure during use of thoriated tungsten electrodes? What controls would you specify? Who would have to implement the AWS recommended controls for thorium exposure?             Thorium constitutes a radioactive component of thoriated tungsten electrodes. Alpha particles are the primary emissions of thorium while beta and gamma radiation are secondary emissions (American Welding Society, 2003c). Thorium can get into the body through inhalation of the dust particles as residue of the use of this element in the workplace. When inhaled, thorium dust particles could remain in the lungs for a long time depending on its chemical form. In the case of oral ingestion, the dust particles could egress from the body through the urine and stool but the remaining particles are absorbed into the bloodstream and stored in bones. There is limited evidence of skin absorption of thorium and this is not likely the primary means of ingress into the body. Thorium constitutes a health concern by increasing the risk of cancer with low to medium exposure levels to the element. Inhaling thorium increases the likelihood of developing lung and pancreatic cancer. Oral ingestion of thorium can result to bone cancer. (Argonne National Laboratory, 2005; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008)             Exposure to thorium can happen in using thoriated tungsten electrodes in using a grinding machine to sharpen these materials. This is a common procedure involved in the preparation for gas tungsten arc welding. The grinding process causes the emission of thorium dust particles in the air. The exposure happens through inhalation of the thorium dust particles when the worker is not using any protective gear or face covering and ingestion when the dust particles get into water or food.             As a health and safety professional, controls require implementation to prevent high levels of exposure to the thorium dust particles. One precaution is the wearing of face protection and mouth and nose covering to prevent inhalation. Another is sufficient ventilation to disperse the dust particles in wider spaces to prevent concentration around workers. Still another is the sufficient barrier between the workplace and utilities where the workers eat and drink during breaks. Workers should also ensure that they wear an outer clothing that they should remove in leaving the workplace to prevent the contamination of their food and drinks. Again, awareness among the workers about the hazards of high levels of exposure to thorium dust particles is necessary for the workers to exercise caution consciously and voluntarily. Last is the placement of dust collection systems and a system of proper disposal of the dust particles.             Regulatory bodies, industry organizations, and business firms are the implementing bodies in the AWS recommended controls for thorium exposure. There is need to develop standards of practice in handling thorium and thoriated tungsten electrodes and the input would necessary come from the business firms and industry representatives (Goetsch, 2008). In addition, the placement of the necessary equipment for ventilation and dust collection as well as the implementation of policies in handling thoriated tungsten electrodes are within the implementing power of the business firms. Health and safety professional, whether in-house or outsourced, also play an important role in evaluating the implementation of sufficient controls and recommending improvements. The essence of health and safety in the workplace is prevention and various parties carry responsibility for implementation.             References     American Welding Society. (2003a). CONFINED SPACES. Safety and Health Fact Sheet No. 11. http://files.aws.org/technical/facts/FACT-11.PDF American Welding Society. (2003b). Chromium and Nickel in Welding Fume. Safety and Health Fact Sheet No. 4. http://files.aws.org/technical/facts/FACT-04.PDF American Welding Society. (2003c). Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes. Safety and Health Fact Sheet No. 27. http://files.aws.org/technical/facts/FACT-27.PDF Argonne National Laboratory. (2005). Human health fact sheet: Thorium. Retrieved       November 21, 2008, from http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/Thorium.pdf Goetsch, L. D. (2008). Occupational safety and health, for technologists, engineers, and managers (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Hammer, W., & Price, D. (2001). Occupational safety, management and engineering (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Health and Safety Executive. (2008). Workers concerned about welding fumes.  November 21, 2008, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/copd/casestudies/welding2.htm Kaehn, L., Kibogy, J., Parette, D., & Wischmeier, B. (2008).  Welding fume control:          Regulations and processes. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from            http://courses.washington.edu/envh557/protected/WeldingFume.pdf   Spear, J. E. (2004). Welding fume and gas exposure. Retrieved November 21, 2008,      from http://www.jespear.com/Welding.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Radiation protection: Thorium. Retrieved          November 21, 2008, from          http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/thorium.html#affecthealth

Engineering and Industrial Safety

1. Confined Spaces Question: Compare and contrast the confined space recommendations made by the American Welding Society with those...

SAFETY MANAGEMENT

OBJECTIVES As a person with knowledge of safety management in construction, the author has always brought up to his superiors the viability of strategy formation regarding safety management and at times fails to understand the reasons or logic behind certain strategic implementations imposed on it. By delving into this project paper, the author intends to have better insights into how construction safety legislation policies are thought up, formulated and then imparted down into the key stakeholders. The author hopes to have an in-depth understanding as to how the construction safety management policies enables Hong Kong to compete effectively and profitably in this era of internationalization where competition is extremely intense. In order to reinforce the learning objectives, two key focal issues were focused upon, i.e. innovation and diversity. Innovation was discussed with regards to construction safety management within Hong Kong where it was renowned for its developmental capabilities to constantly innovate. Diversity came under strategic thinking and formation as the author considered the diverse culture, political climate, economic surroundings, social environment, technological settings, government policies and legal systems in order to have a better understanding of the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong. EXECUTIVE BRIEF This essay utilized the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong as the model legislative policy to review its present construction site safety management and how it dealt with critical situations. From the analysis, key trends in its construction site safety management were identified, how it worked and its effectiveness in dealing with critical situations was ascertained. The paper then moved on to assess its component construction site safety management strategies with regard to its suitability to critical situations, during which the internal capabilities of these safety management strategies in relation to the strategy being followed by most construction firms in Hong Kong was determined also. An overall analysis of the performance and effectiveness of the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong was also conducted to assess and compare the capabilities of its construction site safety management strategies with those of others. Gaps in its construction site safety management capabilities were then identified. Finally, several choices of strategies to improve the construction site safety management of most Hong Kong construction firms as effective means in critical situations were recommended and evaluated in terms of appropriateness to the issues reviewed, feasibility in carrying out the options and acceptability within the key stakeholders and decision makers. Several key implementation issues related to managing strategic change were also addressed as well. INTRODUCTION Construction site safety management can be defined as the efficient and effective implementation of the policies and tasks necessary to satisfy the safety of a construction firm's employees and management. Construction safety management focuses on the careful management of the processes involved in the production and distribution of products and services within construction sites (Bernold et al. 1993). More often than not, small companies don't really have the capabilities to implement construction site safety management. Instead, these companies engage in activities that various schools of management typically associate with construction safety management. These activities include the inspection of construction sites, construction materials assessment, production and distribution. However, construction site safety management deals with all operations done within construction firms and organizations. Activities such as the management of purchases, the control of inventories, logistics and evaluations are often related with construction site safety management. A great deal of emphasis lies on the efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, construction site safety management includes the analysis and management of internal processes (Blackmon et al. 1995). The Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision of Hong Kong will be the model legislative policy that will be used in this research based on its good background in construction safety management. Elements of the Code of Practice for Site Safety Supervision Safety Management Structure and Responsibilities of Relevant Personnel A. Technically Competent Persons (TCPs) Technically Competent Persons (TCPs) identified in the Code include four (4) different individuals: the Authorized Signatory (AS), the Authorized Person (AP), the Registered Structural Engineer (RSE) and the Registered Geotechnical Engineer (RGE). They have responsibilities in communications, recordkeeping as well as construction safety operations scheduling. The Code of Hong Kong empowers these personnel to apply their technical knowledge in their respective fields of expertise for the safety of the construction sites. By doing so, the government of Hong Kong maintains a high level of standard regarding the safety and security of all construction sites within Hong Kong. However, certain criteria for qualifications in accordance with the Code of Hong Kong will have to be followed so as to make sure that the best and only the highly qualified ones are selected. This process will also allow the process of training to be unified, which will significantly bring down training costs. It is interesting to know the basic innate characteristics of the TCPs involved in construction site safety management which contribute towards the development of their effective image. ·        Mental Stability Mental stability is crucial especially in the pursuit of the correct decision as well as in the construction site safety management and development of the processes accompanying it. It is important for the TCPs to remain updated with the latest developments in the construction sites to be able to stay aware and knowledgeable in all safety management issues. ·        Performance and Credibility The production of their best construction site safety management outputs comes as a result of well-funded construction site safety management and development activities. The strong performance of their safety and security measures in the construction sites could also be linked to the effective strategic planning and human resource mobilization of the TCPs. Thus, the TCPs’ credibility increases as their performance becomes better. ·        Construction Site Safety Planning and Strategy Formation Capabilities Construction site safety management planning and strategy formation nowadays has created the need for TCPs to become aggressive especially in the area of marketing themselves. This is because the access to strong distribution channels is critical for their continued existence. ·        Decision-making abilities. Upon arriving at the correct decision or choice, the TCPs now gains confidence in their ability to make critical construction site safety decisions or choices especially when their integrity is on the line. Thus, the TCPs will now search for even more challenges and opportunities where they could further enhance their decision-making abilities regarding construction site safety management issues. ·        Holistic Mindset of Construction Site Safety Management Issues Through the exposure to various puzzling construction site safety management issues, the TCPs along the process are able to develop a holistic mindset regarding the construction site safety management issues surrounding them. The TCPs now become a keen observer of the truths and lies surrounding the issue being tackled, instead of relying on mere hearsays. The continuous pursuit of the truth behind the puzzling construction site safety management issues enables the TCPs to consistently practice and enhance a healthy and holistic mindset which makes it difficult for detractors to give influence. Because of this holistic approach, the TCPs are able to effectively select the right choice and continue to maximize this potential for future use. The four (4) TCPs are the following: The Authorized Signatory (AS) refers to the individual designated by the registered contractor to perform his / her duties and functions for the purposes of the Buildings Ordinance, and given power by the contractor to act on his behalf to gain total control of the contractor’s construction site safety management structure for the project. The Authorized Personnel (AP) refers to the individual designated by the Code to routinely inspect and satisfy, in accordance with the supervision plan, that the contractor’s construction site safety management system is congruent with the part of the supervision plan prepared by the Authorized Signatory. The Registered Structural Engineer (RSE) refers to the individual empowered by the Code to perform construction site structural engineering data assessment, evaluations and design calculations, concrete and steel structure design, confirmation of construction site frameworks, and even construction site cost evaluations. They will also perform the revising of construction site drawings, preparation of analyzed calculations as well as report preparation, technical reports and other documents. They will sometimes become the leader of individual construction site teams, where they will be tasked to mobilize their project staff. Together with other TCPs, they conduct ocular construction site inspection and observation. The Registered Geotechnical Engineer (RGE) refers to the individual tasked by the Code to do the routine task of applying geotechnical engineering techniques, procedures & principles on a wide variety of construction site safety management projects. This TCP typically has an excellent background in construction site mechanics, shallow and deep construction site foundations, earth structures, construction site materials calibration, construction site monitoring and evaluation. B. Purchasing and Buying of Safe and High Quality Construction Materials Buyers and purchasing agents are tasked to evaluate construction material suppliers on the basis of price, quality and service support. They review catalogs as well as the construction industry and company publications in order to help them in their search for the right construction material suppliers. Fortunately for them, a majority of this information can be easily accessed in the Internet. They also do some researching about the reputation and background of the construction material suppliers and may also do some advertisements regarding the foreseen purchase actions in the hope of soliciting bids. At meetings and conferences, they perform the examination of construction material products as a safety precaution, the evaluation of the productive and distributive capabilities of the construction material suppliers, and the discussion of business considerations that have the possibility of influencing the construction material purchasing decision. As soon as all valuable information about the construction material suppliers is gathered, the placement of construction material orders and contracts are started to be awarded to those construction material suppliers who are able to meet the needs of the purchasers. The typical contracts range for several years and may even have the stipulations of the range of construction material prices, which would allow the purchasers to reorder whenever necessary (Dulaimi et al. 1999). In the Code of Hong Kong, however, there is a clear distinction between the work of a buyer and that of a purchasing manager. Purchasing agents and buyers focus mainly on the daily purchasing tasks. They specialize in construction materials. Purchasing agents perform the tracking of the conditions of the construction materials for safety, trends in their prices, as well as the future of the markets. Purchasing managers, on the other hand, are in charge of the more complex and critical construction material purchases and handles a team of purchasing agents. C. Production Safety Planning Production safety planning is a necessary function indicated in the Code. In most construction companies this process is often very difficult because of the fast rate of change and the occurrences of unplanned events. Most companies also use several methodologies depending on what the situation demands and the price of the construction materials. Nevertheless, the objectives of the production safety planning do not change: efficiency, effectiveness and safety (Everett, 1999). Production safety planning is being implemented by the Code in order for its activities and resources to be coordinated over time. This enables the construction firm to achieve overall safety in all of its operations with minimal resource utilization. Production safety planning also enables the construction firm to monitor the progress of their safety plans at regular intervals and maintain their control over operations. Production safety planning according to the Code involves four elements: scheduling, labor safety planning, equipment safety planning, and cost planning. <ul type="disc" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><li class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Scheduling involves the specification of the beginning, the length or the duration, and end of the planned activities geared towards achieving overall safety within the construction site.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Labor safety planning involves allocating the necessary personnel and delegation of responsibilities and resources to ensure the overall safety of all construction workforces.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Equipment safety planning involves identifying the types and needs in terms of safety of the equipments being used in the construction site. </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">Cost planning involves determining the costs and the possibility of their occurrence in terms of achieving the overall safety within the construction site.</li></ul> D. Construction Site Safety Analysis The occurrence of construction site safety analysis within the construction sites of Hong Kong reflects the growing difficulty in the management of most Hong Kong construction firms that require the safe use of valuable construction resources such as money, materials, equipments, and people. This is perhaps the reason why construction site safety analysis is being emphasized in the Code in order to determine the most effective ways to coordinate these resources through the application of analytical methods derived from fields of studies such as mathematics, science, and engineering in order to create the safest construction site possible. Through this process, safety concerns and problems within construction sites are solved in different ways and alternative solutions are then relayed to the construction firm’s management concerned. The management then selects the appropriate course of action in line with their goals. More often than not, construction site safety analysis is concerned with complicated issues such as top-level construction safety strategy, construction safety resource allocation, and designing of production facilities and systems for construction site safety (Gans, 1981). Construction site safety analysis actually may vary according to the structures and philosophy of the construction firm. But according to the Code, it centralizes construction site safety analysis in one department. Construction site safety analysis may also have the possibility of working closely with top level construction site managers in order to identify and solve a variety of safety problems. No matter what the type or structure of the construction company is, construction site safety analysis operates under similar sets of methodologies in order to carry out the analysis to support the construction company’s goal to improve the overall safety of its construction sites. The process is started by the description of the symptoms of a construction safety problem, followed by the formal definition of the problem. For example, a construction site safety analyst might be questioned regarding the most effective safety precaution for every needed part on a production line. Also, the analyst might be asked to determine the optimal number of emergency tools needed to be kept in inventory (Garza et al. 1998). E. Construction Site Engineering The Engineering Department of the construction site determines the best ways to utilize its basic factors of production in the safest ways possible. These resources include the construction site’s people, materials, information, and energy needed in the production. Engineering is the bridge that links the goals of management and safe operational performance. They are concerned with the increase in productivity through the proper management of people and choosing the appropriate methods of construction site organization while maintaining a high level of safety (Hammer, 1989). According to the Code, the construction site’s engineers perform the careful analysis of the construction site’s materials and their requirements as a safety precaution. In this process, they make use of various mathematical methods in its operations research to meet the requirements. They also develop systems of management control in order to aid in the planning of safety precautions and measures in cases of emergency situations. These systems are eventually subjected to improvements for the effective implementation of the safety plans of the construction site. The construction site’s engineers perform the tedious task of selecting which among the various construction site locations have the best combination of raw construction materials availability and safe environment. This time, engineers make use of computers for simulations and robots for controlling various activities and devices. They also are in charge of the development of systems and programs for safety. Critical Construction Site Safety Management Improvement Factors For Hong Kong construction sites to become effectively safe, the following construction site safety management improvement factors are critical: ·        Financial Stability Financial stability is crucial especially in the pursuit of construction site safety management and development activities. In the construction industry, it is important to remain updated with the latest construction site safety management developments to be able to stay competitive in the market. ·        Construction Materials Performance and Price The safety of the construction sites is dependent on well-funded construction safety management and development activities. The safety of the construction sites could also be linked to their cost-effectiveness. However, the construction firm has to be aware of the positioning in terms of process so as to maintain satisfactory profits margin and remain competitive in the market. ·        Safety Strategy and Implementation High construction site safety awareness among the clients has created the need for aggressive lobbying of safety policies, and access to strong distribution channels is critical for the introduction of new safety precautions. Benefits of Efficient Construction Site Safety Management ·        Economies of Scale and Scope in manufacturing and construction site management and development. ·        Unique Quality Construction Sites owing to heavy emphasis on Construction Site Safety Management A construction company’s commitment to construction site safety management & development activities has always been one of the top strategies to remain competitive in the construction market (Hinze et al. 1995)       ·        Differentiated Construction Site Safety Strategies Through the production and establishment of different safety strategies originating from the construction site safety management and development activities, the construction company is able to create its own firm-specific advantages. The continuous pursuit of construction site management and development processes enables the company to produce a steady stream of originally different construction site safety strategies which makes it difficult for competitors to find substitutes. Because of this differentiated approach, the construction company is able to strengthen their construction sites, which enables them in turn to maximize the returns on construction site safety management and development expenditures. SYNTHESIS Deriving from the analysis between the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong, operations management and capabilities of the winery involved, many strategic options would become imperative. It is therefore essential to evaluate these strategic options as to whether they are appropriate to the issues addressed, whether they are feasible enough to be implemented and their acceptability to key stakeholders. There is definitely a need to reconcile both the inside-out and outside-in capabilities of the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision of Hong Kong. While the code’s construction site safety management involves focusing on its core competencies with construction site position following its resource base, the construction firms of Hong Kong that will follow this will be put into a disadvantageous position should they choose to neglect both the macro as well as the construction environment. Therefore, construction firms in Hong Kong have to be aware of the latest construction site safety management changes, as well as changes in political, economic, legal and even demographic trends in order to develop the outside-in capabilities, such as market sensing, customer linking, channel bonding and technology monitoring (Kartman, 1997). The advantages enjoyed by most Hong Kong construction firms may come in the form of increased revenues. Knowing what the market demands and the latest construction site safety trends could help these construction firms fully exploit their research and development capabilities to come out with construction site safety strategies and measures which are not only cost-effective but also high in quality. The strategic option can even be used as marketing tool where the focus is on staying close to the construction firm’s clients and listening to their feedbacks. On the flip side of the coin, there will be huge mobilization of resources involved, and the associated risks bestowed on the construction firms of Hong Kong. Nevertheless, the mentioned strategic option seems the most practical in the wake of globalization, since there is a sudden shift towards a more integrated and independent construction industry in Hong Kong. The key stakeholders too should not have any objections so long as the construction firm’s core business and construction site safety strategies are not threatened. By virtue of most Hong Kong construction firms’ centralized control of their construction site safety strategies, it is being expected that major barriers should not exist in carrying out such an option except additional time may be required given the scope and span of the construction firm’s operations. Understanding the strategic importance of the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision of Hong Kong is something that all construction firms have to be familiar with. Construction firms in Hong Kong normally practice a centralized and globally scaled configuration of construction site safety operations and capabilities. This allows information dissemination to be retained. RECOMMENDATIONS A tie-up or merger with various local construction firms in Hong Kong offers tremendous benefits in terms of access to their construction site safety management policies, infrastructure and even their resources. However, every independent construction firm must not lose sight of their core competencies while pursuing these tie-ups. Otherwise, the image of every construction firm in Hong Kong might be put in jeopardy. Meanwhile, the collaboration of construction firms in Hong Kong with their major competitors can be seen as a ridiculous move at first.  However, upon close examination, this move could pave the way for Hong Kong construction firms to improve even more their construction site safety management policies and strategies. The bottom line is both sides would be able significantly gain in such an alliance. Hong Kong construction firms’ strengths in construction site development combined with the construction site safety management capabilities of their competitors can transform them suddenly into an unbeatable force to reckon with. One possible setback, however, is the differences in the cultures of the construction firms involved. Another possible setback could be whether any of Hong Kong construction firm’s competitors has the need to form alliances. The third option also focuses on alliances, but this time with either one of the leading organizations specializing in construction site safety management. The benefits of these alliances should outweigh the costs in the long run. In terms of appropriateness, all three options are able to directly address the current issues mentioned. However, the question remains whether construction firms in Hong Kong could be able to implement any of these options, and whether these options can be acceptable to the key stakeholders. Any merger or alliances may also involve the sharing of expertise. Hong Kong construction firms have traditionally relied on the inside-out approach. It is important to note that any merger transactions would have many implications on the construction firm’s values and culture as well as the resources. The key stakeholders definitely would be concerned with such options and need to be convinced of the positive aspects. Somehow, Hong Kong construction firms will be able to overcome this barrier in managing strategic changes in the process of implementing any of the above mentioned strategic options. CONCLUSION The results of the analysis carried out on the Code of Practices for Site Safety Supervision in Hong Kong indicated very significant effects, even amidst the threats of unrest. Therefore, we could conclude that this Code could still be expected to improve faster than average. The review of the Code’s construction site safety management capabilities and resources revealed very little inconsistencies regarding the strategies of most Hong Kong construction firms. This is coherent with their traditional inside-out approach. However, the need to reconcile both the inside-out and outside-in approaches becomes imperative now for these construction firms. The analysis among the Hong Kong construction industry environment as well as the construction site safety management and capabilities of their construction firms revealed certain gaps, most of which are biased towards the environment. However, these gaps paved the way towards determining a number of recommended strategic options to secure the competitiveness of these construction firms. Also, the construction firms of Hong Kong have to find a balance between adherence to internal forces within the management and to the changing forces of the environment in order to implement such strategic construction site safety options.

SAFETY MANAGEMENT

OBJECTIVES As a person with knowledge of safety management in construction, the author has always brought up to his superiors the viabilit...