Research Korner: Research Methodology

Research Proposal on Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People?

Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People? Introduction In the continuing efforts of the organizations to create a competitive advantage against their competitors and establish a strong relationship in the market, they tend to apply various motivational approaches that can increase the performance. People are considered as the most natural helpers or workers that maybe not perfect but can move according to what is being asked them to do. Based on the theories of motivation, there are many strategies that the leaders can use to satisfy the people’s needs for improvement. In addition, the quality of work is what being paid by the leaders. The continuous effort of the HR managers and organizational leaders in harnessing the professionalism out of the employees is one of then main targets of the business leaders.   Background of the Study and Problem Statement Although, there are many innovative ways that already established to improve the quality of performance that might contribute in the overall performance of the organization. Still, leaders are seeking to the most effective option that can be easily handled. Most of the actions being taken by the leaders are the motivational approach which increases the performance of an employee. However, the knowledge about the motivation is not enough unless it is proven effective by the organization.  The motivational approach suggests that employees should provide the expected effort from them according to what is being paid by the firm. On the other hand, what is the most effective way to increase the performance of an employee is through the use of payment.  Research Aim and Objectives The main aim of the study is to understand the motivational approach through the use of payment and as well as measuring its effectiveness in all the level of employees. There are three important objectives that can help the study achieve its aim. First is to have a deep understanding on the objectives or purpose of motivation. Second is to determine the various approaches being implemented by the leaders just to reach their expectancy on their employees. And last is to consult the perceptions of the employees regarding the payment as a motivational approach.  Literature Review Critically, the nature of motivation centers with the energy, direction, persistence and partial achievement in doing a certain work. There are different intention that portrays of each employee because of their uniqueness in terms of characteristics and bearing. Typically, a person enables to achieve their goals by fueling great enthusiasm towards it. Within the study of motivation, there is a wide concept which has been widely applied in both academics and professional world. The overall result of motivation is highly valued because of the positive implications that it promises within the organization. In a lighter way, motivation can be alike to the carrot and stick technique, wherein the leaders gives punishment and rewards to the people who are not focusing on their appropriate responsibilities. The organizational leaders embrace the truths that the people play their role within the workplace according to the factors that might affect them (Linnenbrink and Pintrich, 2002). Most of the previous studies pertaining to the motivational approach gave emphasized on the monetary rewards that can be the answer on the needs of an employee. The payment scenario is not entirely the total motivation for the employee but still proven effective to develop the potentials found among the individuals. The kind of payment being given by the organization is different among the compensation or standard payment the employees. In this matter, the organization should be prepared on the certain conditions that might be presented in the implementation of the monetary rewards. The challenge is now on the business and their ability to answer the stability of their financial matters because it is another expense that they must cover (Alexy and Leitner, 2007; Ghosh, 2007). Methodology The suggested method in the study is the use of the survey and interview within a typical workplace. Firstly, there should be a consultation in the population of the workforce regarding the existence of motivation and the influence that it created to increase their performance. The survey will be in a form of questionnaire using the Likert Scale to make it easier to the participants. The second phase of the method which is the interview will serve as a supporting documentary that will determine on how effective the motivational approach can be in the eyes of the managers. In addition, the use of payment as a motivational approach is not being set aside and which will be the center of the interview.    References: Alexy, O., & Leitner, M., (2007) “Norms, Rewards, and Their Effect on the Motivation of Open Source Software Developers”, Accessed 17 June 2010, from http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/Alexy_Leitner_-_Norms_Rewards_and_Their_Effect_on_the_Motivation_of_OSS_Developers.pdf Ghosh, R.A., (2007) “Study on the Economic Impact of Open Source Software on Innovation and the Competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Sector in the EU”, Accessed 17 June 2010, from http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ict/policy/doc/2006-11-20-flossimpact.pdf Linnenbrink, E., & Pintrich, P., (2002) “Motivation as an Enabler for Academic Success”, School Psychology Review, Vol. 31, No. 3

Research Proposal on Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People?

Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People? Introduction In the continuing efforts of the organizations to create a competitive advan...

Research Proposal :Analysis of the Most Severe Economic Crisis since 1970

// <![CDATA[ google_ad_client = "pub-0512912564335968"; /* 300x250, created 5/1/08 */ google_ad_slot = "6611326668"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; // ]]> Research Proposal Analysis of the Most Severe Economic Crises since 1970   Introduction Since 1970, the economic and economic crisis faced in the global market, has faced major economic cries which brought different challenges for the economy and the economic stability of the industries and also the entire nation. It can be said that with the challenges brought by these crisis, the management of banking and economic sector are trying to transform their business approaches.  Primarily, the goal of this propose research is to analyze the most severe economic crises since 1970, specifically this paper will attempt to analyze the root of the economic crises faced in the global market today.   Background of the study The true origin of the economic crisis faced, specifically the credit crunch was due to the credit bubble as well as the under-pricing of risk at period when rapid economic transformation outpaced regulatory controls and made risk assessment more difficult. To be able to understand the beginning of the credit crunch, its background can be attributed to the recovery from the year 2001 economic slump when the international income growth has soared. In many nations, the credit crunches translated into harshly higher real estate prices as well as the abnormally sharp returns in equity markets. Being driven by the low interest rates and the liquidity, the US housing has boomed and lasted for more than a decade during the period in which mortgage companies have extended loans to borrowers that have bad or poor credit records. With this, the brokers who has been provided with bigger commissions has become attractive to different borrowers for availing housing loans that have a minimal down payment with credit checks and tax documentation.             It can be said that the loans are being regarded to as the  sub-prime mortgages, typically charge 2% to 3% points more than those people with less-risky and bad credit profiles, and carry customizable and amendable interest rates that can cause payments to jump in the forthcoming years. Even if such process was considered as efficient, homeowners have observed s that housing prices escalates, that leads them to take out home equity loans that also helps fuel consumer spending. It can be said that sub-prime mortgage simply referred to the provision of loans to borrowers with marginal or weak or bad credit background to avail housing loans. The emergence of the context of sub-prime economic crisis has brought to the credit bubbles and credit crunches that leads to the economic turmoil which have different effects on different institutions in the global market and the mostly affected sectors are the banking and economic institutions. The sub-prime crisis, leading to credit crunches has affected different banking and economic establishments, real estate investment trusts, mortgage lenders, as well as hedge funds. It can be said that this has made different institutions to suffer significant losses as the result of mortgage payment defaults also known as the mortgage asset devaluation.             In the latter part of the first quarter of the year 2008, particularly April 25, 2008, banking and economic institutions has noted sub-prime related losses and write-downs exceeding U.S. $250 billion. With this aspect, the profits at the American banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has lessen from $35.2 billion to $5.8 billion which comprises 83.5% of the total loss  during the last quarter of the year 2007 versus the recent year because of the increasing loan defaults as well as the provisions for loan losses.  It can be noted that such phenomenon has been the worst bank and thrift performance in the history.             In the year 2007, affected banks have only earned earned $105.5 billion, which is lesser than 27.4% from their profit record of $145.2 billion in the year 2006. Banking institutions in the global market has also experienced such problem like the IKB Deutsche Industriebank which have also experienced relative losses and mortgage scores of lenders have decided to file bankruptcy. On the other hand, the effect of these economic crises has also lead to the resignation of different leaders like the Chief Executive Officers of Merrill Lynch and Citigroup Various industries have attended to consider merger-deal to survive the economic crisis. Moreover, Bear Stearns and Northern Rock have also acquired emergency assistance from higher banks like the Bank of England. Such economic issue has also been felt in the Indian banking and economic institutions which have ventured into USA.             Credit crunches has become an ongoing economic issue that shows itself through the liquidity problems in the banking system which owes to foreclosures.  Such economic issue began with the bursting of the United States housing bubble or the so-called credit bubble (Moyer, 2008; Lahart, 2008 and the intensive default rates in terms of the sub-prime and other adjustable rate mortgages which established higher-risk borrowers with lower revenue and lesser credit history than other prime borrowers.  It has been noted that the causes of the credit crunches can be attributed as varied and complex.  With this economic turmoil due to the credit crunches, the economic losses damaged balance sheets of various economic establishments, as assets were marked down but liabilities remain unchanged.   Aside from this, the credit crunch also reduced and lessens the willingness to lend between industries.     Research Objectives             The main goal of this proposed research is to study the most severe economic crises since 1970, specifically this aims on achieving the following objectives 1.    Identify the most severe economic crises in the global environment 2.    Investigate the roots and causes of these economic crises 3.    Analyze whether these economic crises have significant relationship in terms of the causes and the countries affected. 4.    Examine how companies and countries are able to cope with these economic crises.             Research Questionnaire To address the problem of the study, the following general research questions will be explored: 1.         What are the most severe economic crises since 1970? 2.         Does these economic crises have significant relationship with each other based on the following:             The cause of the economic crises       Countries affected 3.         How do companies and countries adjust to these economic crises?   Significance of the Study This study may be useful in gaining insights on the future of the economy based on the economic crises encountered by different industries and countries. The term ‘future’ is very general and many factors should be involved to determine the general future of the economic sector.             Understanding the roots, causes and effect of these economic crises can help the government and industries to determine ways on solving the challenges posts by these economic crises.             The economic crisis faced by companies and nations is considered as an ongoing economic problem that manifests itself with the liquidity issues in the banking system and other economies in the global market. It has been realized that one of the reasons for this economic crisis are very varied and complicated. In this regard, controlling and comprehending the ripple effect through the global economy as well as the management and marketing implication post critical challenges for investors, insurance companies, businesses, banking and economic industries as well as government institutions.    Literature Review Concept of the Sub-prime Crisis               The sub-prime crisis is an ongoing economic issue which manifests itself through liquidity problems in the banking system that owes to foreclosures which accelerated in the United States which starts in latter period of 2006 and triggered a global financial crisis during 2007 and 2008. This economic issue started with the bursting of the US housing bubble (Moyers, 2008; Lahart, 2008) and intensive default rates on sub-prime and other adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) created to higher-risk borrowers with lower revenue or lesser credit history than those prime borrowers. It is noted that the reasons for the sub-prime crisis are complex and varied. Because of this, understanding and controlling the ripple impact through the global economy posts critical challenges for businesses, investors, and government institutions.              The sub-prime lending is regarded as the practice of making loans to borrowers that do not qualify for market interest rates because of different risk aspects, like size of the down payment, income level, employment status and credit history. The amount of US prime mortgages was approximately $1.3 trillions as of March 2007 (MSNBC, 2008), with over 7.5 million first-lien sub-prime mortgages outstanding (Bernanke, 2007).  More or less 16% of the loans of sub-prime with adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) were 90-days delinquent or in foreclosure process as of October 2007, nearly triple the rate of 2005 (Bernanke, 2007). By January 2008, the delinquency rate had increased to 21% (Bernanke, 2008). The sub-crime crisis can be attributed to various factors. These factors include the incapacity of the homeowners to make their mortgage payments principally because of the loss of employment or health related aspects; insufficient mortgage I like short fixed term and buy downs adjustable rate mortgages couples with incentives fast rising adjustable mortgage values, poor judgement either by the lender and/or by the borrower. In addition, the declines of home prices have made the re-financing more complex. Due to the changes in line with securitization, it has been noted that the risks is related to the inability of the homeowners to attain mortgage payments had been distributed widely, with a series of consequential effects. Principally, there are four primary categories of risk involved with sub-prime crisis. These include credit risk, liquidity risk, and asset price risk and counter party risk. Specifically, the business organization is most interested in keeping counter party risk at low level since the volume of the bank’s total portfolio is largely determined by its trading activities. It was evident that counterparty risks associated with derivative trading activities are rooted among over-the-counter (OTC) transactions wherein additional expense or reduced revenue that would result from the replacement of the transaction by an equivalent position in the event of a default is evaluated and given necessary action. As such, there is a need for the people within Northern Rock organization to conceptualize means of minimizing the losses in terms of revenue and expenditure in over-the-counter transactions that the bank engages in. Moreover, counterparty selection is vital in order to maintain the strong hold of the business organization in the international banking industry.     The cross-product master netting agreements with business partners so as to reduce counterparty risks allowed all claims and liabilities not yet due to be offset against each other in the case of counterparty default. This served as contingency action in order to keep the expenses of over-the-counter transactions at minimum level while taking into account other factors and variables which causes loss in revenue.  The use of global multi-stage limit system to9 address credit risk exposure in credit and counterparty risk management by taking into account the replacement costs as well as other potential future price fluctuations will provide a comprehensive understanding and holistic view of the economic environment of the international banking industry guaranteeing safety nets among active participants in the business of global banking transactions. Other measures of unforeseen and emergent cases of loan loss allowances initiated by the management of Northern Rock include a value at risk procedure in quantifying collateralized transactions, and simulation procedure for unsecured transactions to assess the portfolio and correlations effects for calculating exposure.  Since it was revealed that the potential exposure could be reduced significantly in currency and interest rate transactions, succeeding business operations of the bank should be made to characterize these descriptions so as to contribute to the overall reduction of loan loss allowances.  In line with the credit risk, this risk is assumed by the bank which originates the loan. However, because of the major changes in securitization, credit risks are often transferred to third-party investors. Herein, the rights to mortgage payments have considered repackaging into a variety of complex investment vehicles, which generally categorized as collateralized debt obligations or mortgage-backed securities (MBS). Essentially, CDO is a repacking of present debt, and in previous years MBS collateral has generate a large proportion of issuance. In exchange of buying CDO or MBS and assuming credit risk, third party investors have gained a claim on the mortgage assets and related cash flows, which became collateral in the event of default.             On one hand, in line with asset price risk, CDO and MBS asset valuation is multifaceted and related fair value or mark to market accounting is subject to broad interpretation.  The valuation is derived from both the existence of viable market and the collectibility of sub-prime mortgage payments into which such assets can be traded which are interrelated. The rising mortgage delinquency rates have decreased demand for such assets. Banking and other institutional investors have identified substantial losses as they revalue their mortgage-backed securities downward. Several industries which borrowed money through CDO or MBS assets as collateral have encountered margin calls, as lenders provided their contractual rights to get their money back.  There is a growing consensus about the view on whether fair value accounting should not be suspended or temporarily modified, as large write-downs of complex value MBS and CDO assets might worsen the crisis (Gross, 2008).             In line with the liquidity risk, many industry rely on access to short-term funding market for operations of cash, these include the commercial paper and repurchase markets. Industries and structured investment vehicles often get short-term loans by issuing commercial paper, CDO and pledging mortgage assets as collateral.  In this regard, the investors provide cash in exchange for the commercial paper, which receive money-market interest rated. Nonetheless, due to the concerns about the value of the mortgage asset collateral associated with sub-prime and Alt-A loans, the capability of various industries to issue such paper has been impacted (Barr, 2007).  Furthermore, the interest rate charged by some investors to give loans for commercial paper has substantially increased above the historical level (Unmack, 2007).   Research Methodology             This proposed research is to determine the most severe economic crisis since 1970.  To achieve the objective of this study, descriptive approach will be used. Although both the qualitative and the quantitative research methods were used for the completion of this research activity, the study operates primarily under the qualitative research approach wherein the quality of the information gathered rather than the quantity of sources that are available to the researcher, is highly recommended so as not to compromise the quality of the data (Snijders, 1992; Faugier & Sergeant, 1997). Because the highly relevant aspects of the research study are characterized and classified as qualitative elements, standard measures that enabled quantification of the concepts will not meet the information needs of the project. These include the analysis of each of the economic crisis that hits the world. The exploratory research design served as the guiding framework for the execution of the entire research project. Exploratory research normally involves open-ended study, unguided by theory and intended to provide a new body of empirical knowledge from which theories might be postulated (Yin, 2003:22, Robson, 2002:59 & 399). As such, the case study research approach provided the most ideal methodology since the study calls for the need to conduct a holistic, in-depth investigation of the topic presented (Feagin, Orum & Sjoberg, 1991). This contributed to the knowledge of individual, group, organizational, social, political, and related phenomena being studied (Yin, 2003). Since the research project aims to enlighten identify the most sever economic crisis, assessment of each of the financial crisis will be considered. As such, the research activity employed means and measures to provide valid and reliable analyses of the economic crisis under the qualitative research approach. Hence, the entire research activity was composed of three data gathering procedures in order to identify the most sever economic crisis. These data gathering procedures include (a) interviews among economists and informed individuals (b) the interdepartmental ranking of economic crisis based on its major effect. and (c) in-depth case study of each of the economic crisis.   Coding and Data Interpretation The qualitative data collected through the key informant interview method were used and manipulated by utilizing the open-coding and axial coding procedures (Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998). This facilitated easier analysis of the qualitative information gathered as patterns, similarities and differences of the responses made by the informants of the study were classified and categorized to form logical data analysis and presentation. As such labels, words, and statements that were used by the participants to denote or connote similar concepts and themes were grouped and analyzed accordingly to summarize the core findings of the study (Kerig & Lindahl, 2001; Fairclough, 2003). Each of the concepts that were discussed during the key informant interview method were analyzed and related to the research questions and objectives so as to come up with sensible findings and results. Moreover, to facilitate the qualitative data analysis of the concepts of the study, content analyses of the responses of the interviewees were conducted. Defined, content analysis is the systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding (Markel, 1998; Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998; West, 2001). It is not restricted to the domain of textual analysis but could also include the categorization of illustrations or drawings (Wheelock, Haney & Bebell, 2000) as well as behaviours of individuals that are video tape recorded (Stigler et al, 1999). These characteristics of the content analysis enable researchers to sift through large volumes of data with relative ease in a systematic fashion (Markel, 1998; Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998; West, 2001). Content analysis is a useful technique that allows the discovery and description of the individual, group, institutional, or social attention or focus of the study  (Kulm, Dager Wilson & Kitchen, 2005) which opens opportunities  to correctly interpret the collected inferences and data and can be corroborated using other methods of data collection. This particular systematic qualitative data processing has been very useful in the entirety of the study since the content analyses facilitated organized and logical sorting of large data from interviews in order to arrive at simpler concepts for analysis and discussion. Moreover, in-depth interpretation of the specific cases that were explored was made possible so as to come up with holistic analysis of the findings of the study. As such attributes, constructs and other similar connotations of the topic of the study were grouped together to synthesize the results of the study as well as to mange the data more effectively and efficiently. In the case of the quantitative data collected in the interdepartmental website ranking, the descriptive statistics in the form of frequency through tallies was primarily used so as to present quantitative data descriptions in manageable forms.   Validity and Reliability This study employed qualitative research method (key informant interview) as the primary data collection procedure. Thus, ensuring the validity of the accumulated data is considered to be the most crucial stage of the research endeavor. This aspect of research was attended by the researcher because the validity of the data dictates the quality of the outcome of the accomplished procedures. Since a methodology is always employed in the service of a research question, validation of the inferences made on the basis of data from one analytic approach demands the use of multiple sources of information through validation study built into the design. In qualitative research, validation takes the form of triangulation which lends credibility to the findings by incorporating multiple sources of data, methods, investigators, or theories (Kaplan & Duchon, 1998; Foss & Ellefsen, 2002; Mingers, 2001). However, content analysis itself is only valid and meaningful to the extent that the results are related to other measures (Markel, 1998; Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998; West, 2001) which necessitated the use of triangulation method. The triangulation research strategy in which the use of multiple sources to enhance the rigor of the research (Robson, 2002:174) helped in the in-depth case analysis of the paper conglomerating three different aspect of the study which includes the (a) background information regarding the new initiatives and characteristics of the Dubai municipality governance while (b) classifying the structure of the organization into huge, middle and small department categories and (c) and the e-Governance practice in the United Arab Emirates focusing on its online services. Moreover, the interdepartmental ranking of the websites supported the researcher’s aim to present accurate and truthful findings following the principle of triangulation.   Reference   Faugier, J & Sargeant, M 1997, ‘Sampling hard to reach populations’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 26, pp. 790-797. Feagin, J, Orum, A & Sjoberg, G (Eds.) 1991, A case for case study, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, pp.20-26. Fico, FG, Lacy, S & Riffe, D 1998, Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ Flick, U 1998, An Introduction to Qualitative Research, London: Sage. Foss C, & Ellefsen B 2002, ‘The value of combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in nursing research by means of method triangulation’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 242-8. Gliner, JA & Morgan, GA 2000, Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. Green, JJ 2005, Design, Methods and Measurement for Applied Research, (PowerPoint Presentation) Institute of Community-Based Research, Division of Social Sciences/Centre for Community and Economic Development, Delta State University. Guba, E & Lincoln, YS 1998, 'Competing paradigms in qualitative research', In Denzin, NK & Lincoln, YS editors, The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lahart, J. Egg Cracks Differ In Housing, Finance Shells. Online available http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119845906460548071.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieve December 13, 2008, 2 Lim, M. Subprime mortgage meltdown: Roots of the crisis. Online available http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/talkofthetown/view_article.php?article_id=101568. Retrieve December 13, 2008. Moyers, B. Online available http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/06292007/transcript5.html.  Retrieve December 13, 2008, 1. Yin, Robert K. (2003) Case study research: Design and methods (3rd Edition), Sage.

Research Proposal :Analysis of the Most Severe Economic Crisis since 1970

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The Impact of Conflict Management Strategies on Organizational Climate

The impact of conflict management strategies on organizational climate     Statement of the problem               In every organization, several conflicts are visible from every essential areas and functions of the organization and that there lacks proper handling of people and the organization is without strategies of conflict management, managing the impact of conflict into the organization. Ideally, the ability to take business control of conflict is important as the purpose of this study is to investigate whether the use of certain conflict management strategies, will predict reductions in into workplace conflict as well as role ambiguity, also work overload and time pressure. Research outcomes will indicate that, such conflict management strategies do significantly predict low scores on several specific conflict examples as tested and on levels of overall conflict management impacts.               There can be issues on conflict management effectiveness and how to achieve them according to the principles of the organization and its climate adaptations. The constructive conflict management is a vital concern for every manager. When conflicts are managed constructively they can help identify and solve problems, develop and maintain strong relationships, and sustain member loyalty and motivation. When conflicts are poorly managed they waste time and resources, damage member loyalty and motivation, undermine teamwork, and distort decision-making and planning. Strong productive teams can be maintained only when their members manage their conflicts well.  The organizations attempt to influence members' beliefs and skills by providing training in conflict management. When team relationships become seriously problematic, some organizations conduct off-site retreats for teambuilding synergy and success, unless the organization's climate promotes constructive conflict management behaviors, training tends to have frustratingly limited impact, and the beneficial effects of teambuilding retreats prove to be both limited and temporary. It is clear, there should address the impact of organizational climate on the conflict management behavior of members.   Background of the study             The ability to successfully minimize and resolve conflict is an important skill for the organization to develop, as faced with the classic confrontation between individual needs and organizational needs, requiring them to spend a major part of their time attempting conflict mediation.  The "appropriate" management strategy in a given situation requires accurate identification of both the conflict origin and participants and their relationships, in order to apply effective resolution technique.  Ideally, this technique must reduce the dysfunctional dimension of conflict so as to capitalize on its functionality for the good of the organization concerned.  Consequently, there is conflict anticipation and detection should always constitute the first two phases of good conflict management, the pro-action rather than reaction of the issues if there is any. Furthermore, strategies for conflict resolution will vary according to philosophical bases of the ones involved and encompasses win-lose, lose-lose and win-win approaches to conflict management, the impact can be overused as strategy for solving conflicts.  Methodology             The methodology will include usage of organization climate influence as well as power to bring about compliance and compromise. The need to realize win-win approach, the method yields solutions satisfactory to organization team to the conflict wins something, and the conflict is resolved in a constructive manner. An important point must be borne in mind when attempting to deal effectively with organizational conflict, for insurance one method will not apply to situations, as given in various approaches to conflict management. The conflict has been effectively managed when it no longer interferes with the ongoing activities of those involved.  Conflict management is therefore the process of removing cognitive barriers to agreement (1986).  Depending on the situation, conflict management techniques often focus on changing structure, changing process or both. Indeed, structural modifications are not very creative, and the response to conflict is simply more rules and hardening of the role structure.                Aside, if the basis of conflict is lack of trust or suspicion of motives, an effective approach is to bring the parties together and let them get to know each other.  However, if the conflict is rooted in differences in principle, increased interaction could exacerbate the situation, the modifying of reward system can be effective if inequity in extrinsic or intrinsic rewards is the cause of conflict.  An approach to conflict management is predicated upon the idea that diagnosis of the situation is necessary as a basis of action.  The contingency view is that there is not one best way of managing conflict under all conditions, but that there are optimal ways of managing it under certain conditions ( 1987).  An important aspect of conflict management is: alternative ways of managing conflict and kinds of situations in which each of these various alternatives might be expected to be the most effective.              The one good step is to assess the influence of an organization's climate on members' conflict management behavior. The Conflict Climate Inventory was designed to assist in this assessment, identified sixteen elements of organizational climate that have been shown to influence the behavior of members when they experience conflict. In interpreting the results of the conflict climate inventory, however, it will be important to bear in mind that "climate" is a holistic concept. Climate acts on individual members as an undifferentiated whole, affecting how they feel, what they notice and think about, and how they behave. Thus, while scores for each of the elements can be very helpful in diagnosing the climate and identifying specific ways to improve it, no score can tell in complete story, the understanding and enhancing of organizational climate remains noted.

The Impact of Conflict Management Strategies on Organizational Climate

The impact of conflict management strategies on organizational climate Statement of the problem In every or...

Research Proposal : How can sick abuse be managed effectively?

Sick Leave Abuse in the Workplace   Sick leave is one thing that every employee needs and is approved and mandated by work related laws and such using of employees’ sick leave options leave abuses occur along the way and the  central question for this research will have to be, ‘How can sick leave abuse be managed effectively?’, this pertains to the workplace. There are several factors affecting sick leave and why employees resulted into such abuses of the privilege known for, management of sick leave is effective if there can be available information from official statistics and descriptive studies on association between demographic background factors and sickness absence, evidence on the causal relationship between these factors and sick leave is lacking. There was moderate scientific evidence that the amount of sickness absence is influenced by the design of the social insurance system, but insufficient evidence on the magnitude of change required to influence the level of sickness absence (Allebeck and Mastekaasa, 2004 p. 49). The possible consequences of sick leave can be measured at different levels in society and to focus on consequences from perspective of sick-listed individual as noted, sick leave may have positive and negative consequences for employee, such as regarding disease, health, working life, social life, lifestyle and emotional aspects. The lack of relevant studies is most striking observation from review of studies on the consequences of being sick listed (Vingård, Alexanderson and Norlund, 2004 p. 207).   There has been concern regarding abuse of sick leave by school employees as suggestions have been offered for reducing the abuse of sick leave both within education and industry. Reviewing of 4 to 6 research studies that evaluate plans for reducing sick leave abuse among various categories of employees. Thus, paid sick leave serves to relieve any possible economic burden on professional employee who is ill, protect school children from the necessity of being exposed to a teacher with an illness which might be communicated to them, and obviate the problem of teachers performing at a low level of proficiency by reason of an incapacitating illness. However, there are occasions on which healthy employees take leave of their duties for other than reasons of sickness but attribute their absences to personal illness. According to review in literature, there have been categories of plans being devised to prevent such misuses of sick leave provisions such as offering of rewards or bonuses for not using sick leave, elimination of psychological and medical reasons for sick leave abuse. Studies pertaining to categories will be described as well as methods that attempt to eliminate reasons for sick leave abuse. The need to specify that discipline as a result from repeated sick leave abuse and misuse, keeping policy flexible, determining if and why employees exploit leave policies is important. Just as an employer analyzes turnover, the organization should also look at sick leave abuse trends. Is leave usage higher in one department or under particular supervisor? Are workplace practices or policies affecting absences? Do children’s illnesses in turn lead to employee's time-off? Finding the root cause of sick leave abuse problems helps in addressing core issues.  Methods for monitoring sick leave abuse vary from one organization to the next, but there are some common guidelines employers can follow (Heathfield, S. Sick Leave Abuse: A Chronic Workplace Ill? Encourage Appropriate Sick Leave Use. About.com). -          Recognize the problem with sick leave abuse and intervene early before it escalates. Managers need to enforce sick leave policies and take appropriate action -          Find out why the employee is abusing leave. Talk to employees who are abusing leave and see if their behavior stems from personal problem -          Learn to say "no, do not allow employees get away with abusing leave policies -          Use procedures, regulations, practices and knowledge to benefit management as well as the employee. Supervisors and managers must work with employees, make certain that all employees are aware of sick leave policies and how to use them Issues -          The one reason why employees take sick leave is because they are ill and unfit to come to work -          Some employees take sick leave when they are not genuinely sick   Options -          Cashing out of paid sick/personal/carer’s leave entitlement -          Adopt “family-friendly” initiatives -          Offer incentives for employees to come to work rather take time-off on sick pay -          Encourage firms and organizations to adopt strategic absence management strategies Sick leave is necessary benefit for all employees. If an employer didn’t offer sick leave, they would accelerate health problems and the spread of illness, thereby lowering productivity and morale. Despite the pressure for perfect attendance to improve customer service and efficiency, employees need equitable sick leave programs for security and overall high performance. Yet, some organizations suffer from sick leave abuse, and sick leave abuse translates into lost dollars. Pattern of abuse with regard to sick leave does refer to employees who have violated the organization’s attendance policy on numerous occasions. In order to confidently discipline employees with attendance problems, legal experts say the best bet is to have clearly written policy that specify organization standards and employee requirements.       References Chapter 5. Risk factors for sick leave – general studies Peter Allebeck; Arne Mastekaasa Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 1651-1905, Volume 32, Issue 5, Supplement 63, 2004, Pages 49 – 108   Chapter 9. Consequences of being on sick leave Eva Vingård;  Kristina Alexanderson; Anders Norlund Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 1651-1905, Volume 32, Issue 5, Supplement 63, 2004, Pages 207 – 215

Research Proposal : How can sick abuse be managed effectively?

Sick Leave Abuse in the Workplace Sick leave is one thing that every employee needs and is approved and mandated by work related laws...

Research proposal on The level at which linguistic and management strategies affect the motivation of employees: Linguistic in terms of mannerism and politeness

The level at which linguistic and management strategies affect the motivation of employees: Linguistic in terms of mannerism and politeness   Background and Literature review The research describe research outcomes into linguistic mannerism as well as linguistic politeness of English speaking employees and such type of politeness strategy for instance, speech acts of employee greeting as the employees adhere to strict conventions of polite behavior which eroded over time in English speaking world. Thus, important to retain employee mannerism as well as politeness to determine levels of linguistic and management affecting motivation of employees. Providing researcher affective support as recognized to successful work station comprising of academic team as school oriented employees or faculties. Thus, research on mannerism and politeness provide plausible answers to research questions. The presentation of framework referring teachers selecting corrective feedback based on mannerism politeness notion of language assumption from given specific contexts. Discussion of employee motivation in language context were limited by the understanding the field of applied linguistics being attached to it. The need to review standards applied in linguistics approach, go on to provide overview of research into motivation, and demonstrate utility of research concepts as basis for research agenda for employee studies as presented. Indeed, literature on motivation and suggest that there is an important link in linguistic strategy and management through mannerism and politeness which could account for claimed power of employee success. Politeness is important aspect of human communication as Brown and Levinson developed theory of linguistic politeness, most sociolinguistic studies have looked at politeness (Hartung, 2001, p. 214). The positive face need is 'the positive consistent self-image by interactants' and the negative face need is basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction like, freedom of action and freedom from imposition (Brown and Levinson, 1987, p. 61). Positive politeness attends to a person's positive face needs and includes such speech acts as compliments, invitations and greetings. It expresses good-will and solidarity. Thus, negative politeness attends to a person's negative face needs and includes indirectness and apologies (Holmes 1995, p. 154). However, Kleinberger Gunther (2001, p. 118) claims that polite speech act can only be effective if the receiver understands how it was intended. Degrees of familiarity and respect between interactants can be described in terms of model: polite behavior tends to be more attentive and elaborate with acquaintances and casual friends than with people at the two extremes of social distance (Holmes, 1995). The linguistic expression of politeness is accompanied by verbal and non-verbal actions, such as eye contact, smile, and hand-shake. There explores how power is embedded in manners of speech exchanged in everyday interaction among superiors and subordinates as drawing upon linguistic theory of mannerism and politeness. Politeness, linguistic behaviors used to demonstrate regard and consideration as sensitive to social distribution of motivation among employees. When superiors use politeness, they are more likely than subordinates to employ subtype of politeness that demonstrates consideration by intimating social familiarity and camaraderie. The literature shows how linguistic perspectives can contribute to understanding of employee motivation phenomena (Morand, 1996 p. 544). Modern research on politeness was dominated by a strategic approach for several years: politeness was seen as a result of the rational need for balanced interpersonal relations, politeness mechanisms were considered universal. However, the investigations carried out on different cultures soon began to show that things were not that simple: cultures strongly differ not only in forms, but also in the social meanings associated with various strategies, in internal structure of speech acts, or in the expectations concerning verbal behavior, politeness studies seem to have fallen into contradiction between universality and culture (Morand, 1996 p. 544). Research Questions 1.      What is meant by levels of linguistic and management strategies? How the latter places an importance to employees? 2.      How the two strategies do mentioned in question 1 affect the motivation status of employees? Discuss and provide examples 3.      What is meant by employee motivation? Explain aspects and process of motivation adhering to employee based context 4.       What is MANNERISM in linguistic domain all about? How it affect employee motivation? Briefly discuss 5.      What is POLITENESS in linguistic domain all about? How it affect employee motivation? Briefly discuss Research Hypothesis Hy 1: There is positive level of linguistic and management strategies affecting motivation of employees. Hy 2: There is negative level of linguistic and management strategies affecting motivation of employees Hy 3: There is positive MANNERISM and positive POLITENESS affecting employee motivation. Hy 4: There is negative MANNERISM and negative POLITENESS affecting employee motivation Research Objectives and Methodology Recognizing in linguistic and management strategies that affect employee motivation, finding out levels of the strategies mostly linguistics in terms of mannerism and politeness. The identification of knowledge centered research that finds out several ideal levels of linguistic, management strategies concerning employees. The research study will indicate and include appropriate preliminary literature presenting as one ideal research methodology to execute. Determining in mannerism and politeness that affects employee motivation through language assimilation and adaptation. Thus, there will be such need to compare and contrast mannerism and politeness of employees through case study approach by means of case survey format through statements integrating scale system interpretation; five point system comprising of several sections.  The case survey will be given to a total of 50 employees comprising of faculty members. -       1st section refers to personal profile of the employees -       2nd section refers to survey statements regarding levels of linguistics strategies that employees perceive to be essential in motivating them -       3rd section implies to survey statements regarding levels of management strategies that employees perceive to be essential in motivating them -       4th section adheres to survey statements about linguistics in accordance to MANNERISM of employees -       5th section integrates to survey statements about linguistics in accordance to POLITENESS of employees   References Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness. Some universals in language usage. Cambridge. Hartung, M. (2001). Höflichkeit und das Kommunikationsverhalten Jugendlicher". In: Lüger, Heinz-Helmut (ed.): Höflichkeitsstile. Frankfurt a.M./Berlin/Bern etc.: 213-232. (= Cross Cultural Communication 7) Holmes, J. (1995). Women, Men and Politeness. London/New York Kleinberger Günther, U. (2001). Sprachliche Höflichkeit in innerbetrieblichen e-mails. In: Lüger, Heinz-Helmut (ed.): Höflichkeitsstile. Frankfurt a.M./ Berlin/Bern etc.: 147-164. (= Cross Cultural Communication 7). Morand, D. (1996). Dominance, Deference, and Egalitarianism in Organizational Interaction: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Power and Politeness. Organization Science, Vol. 7, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 1996), pp. 544-556. Published by: INFORMS

Research proposal on The level at which linguistic and management strategies affect the motivation of employees: Linguistic in terms of mannerism and politeness

The level at which linguistic and management strategies affect the motivation of employees: Linguistic in terms of mannerism and politene...

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter will discuss the methods to be used for this research.  This will detail the steps that the researcher will undertake in order to accomplish the study.  The said steps will then include the collection procedure of the data that will be required in the delivery and completion of the research.  It will also present the manner in which these data will be utilized and integrated in the study and at the same time, detail how the research will proceed to answer the aims and objectives in order to reach to the conclusion.  In this manner, the chapter justifies the means in which the study will be performed.  It will also emphasize its credibility by mentioning the widely accepted scientific methodologies.  Through the methods mentioned in this chapter, a plausible conclusion may be obtained.             Looking back to the aims and objectives of the study, the study intends to determine of whether or not non-monetary strategy is sufficient enough to retain top skilled IT talents. In order to identify the opinions of such top skilled IT talents in the sufficiency of non-monetary strategies, the study’s methodology will be focused on collecting both the primary and secondary data through related literature research and the survey instruments.               As the research intends to discover the general consensus of skilled IT talents with regards to non-monetary strategies in the current milieu, the immediate research methodology in mind is the descriptive research design.  The Qualitative research approach is concerned with the existing relationships, effects, practices, ongoing beliefs and developing trends.  The study calls for a Qualitative approach because it needs to gather existing information regarding the state of IT talents, professionals and workers today, as well as the strategies used in retaining them that can be provided by a Descriptive research methodology.  The research will be taken from various data sources that will be integral in surveying issues of Employee motivation and the Information Technology occupation or career.    (1994) explains that the Qualitative research approach makes use of currently existing facts regarding the status and origin of a situation at hand, as it exists during the time of the study.  In addition,  (1978) point out that the Descriptive method is appropriate in the exploration of a specific phenomenon’s causes.   The approach is flexible and appropriate for the research’s limited nature.  The research will be able to delve into a broad scope of issues, highlight portions that are worth taking and to elaborate further the already existing information to shed further light towards answering the problem statement and forming of conclusion.  The Descriptive method will allow the research to have explanations that are extensive and variable.  With Descriptive research, sudden hypotheses could possibly emerge.    The Qualitative method also invites a variety of methods, not just limited to what is possibly accepted but also those that some research methodologies may limit or restrict.  It allows a freedom of interpretations.  It is able to look at a business situation naturally which other stricter research methods may overlook due to its overly systematic laws and approaches.  Other research methods, due to its generalizing and objective manners, may not even have a proper clutch on the subject matter the way that a Descriptive methodology can because it will require the existence of accepted models.   For one, the study may be able to adapt the methods of Quantitative research as there will be some data, situations, or other facts that will be collected as first hand data which should then be explained or correlated with other data such as the Secondary data or the related studies of Employee motivation strategies and the IT Professional career.  By using a qualitative approach, this research may partially base its findings through quantitative research methods due to its flexible and iterative approach. This study will also employ the Descriptive research method because it will try to search and establish models as well as theories that will seek the connection and explain the relationship of one variable with another through the Qualitative elements in research which do not really have standards of measures such as behaviour, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs that this research will greatly rely and focus on.   With this research methodology, it is possible to consider alternative explanations. It is appropriate because it will, at the end of the research, recommend some measures and procedures that will inform the effects of non-monetary strategies in retaining top IT talents, the implications of such research and the next steps to be undertaken whether to recommend or to discourage such methods.    Data Collection: Questionnaire             The data to be utilized in the research will be both primary data (also known as the first-hand data) and secondary data.  While the primary data are collected straight from the sources and are gathered through the survey which will be the key research tool, the secondary data are collected from current related literatures as generated by large organizations.  The secondary data will also assist the researcher in the development of the questionnaire such that will be used to retrieve primary data.  The secondary data thus comes as a support for the acquisition of primary data.    The research will utilize a Qualitative approach in gathering information which will be sufficient enough to provide a medium for interaction and opinion tabulation that will be correspond to the opinions closely to the precise opinions of the users themselves.  The primary source of data will come from a researcher-made survey questionnaire, which will be given to the respondents.   The questionnaire method is administered by having the respondents answer a form of questions.  The items of the questionnaire will tackle on firm developments since the application of corporate governance. Specific details will focus on questions regarding operational performance and firm value. With the questionnaire method, time is provided to the respondents at their own leisure.  Granting the respondents the flexibility and freedom of time, it elicits more accurate answers than when they are hurried. Through the questionnaire, the researcher may ask sensitive questions that are better indirect than direct such as statistical or demographic profile.  The research will use this method in order to ascertain efficiency both in time and cost.   The method is not without disadvantages as answers may easily be tampered and this is why there is an interview method that would serve as a back-up.  It will also assure the research of its validity.  The researcher also opted to use the questionnaire as the main data collection tool due to its easy and flexible nature.  The questionnaire is easily customizable and the manner of its construction is easy to follow which is only very practical in the nature of the research. Moreover, questionnaire copies may easily reach almost any number of respondents either by mail or by personal distribution. Generally, responses to a questionnaire are objectified and standardized thus allowing responses to be entered and tabulated easily.  This will also provide instantly results ready for the analysis.  More importantly, the respondents’ replies are of their own free will because there is no interviewer to influence them. This is one way to avoid biases, particularly the interviewers’ bias. The Respondents             The samples of the research will be drawn from IT organizations using the sampling method purposive sampling which allows the judgment of the researcher to select the cases that will best enable the researcher to “answer research questions and meet objectives” (,  and , 2003, ). The focus of this self-selection sampling method is the information and content rather amassing the research population.  It will use limited or few cases to be studied and analyzed closely and critically.  The samples will not be considered as valid representatives of the entire population.  This self-selection sampling method is chosen in order to acquire the samples as soon as possible and attempt to meet the requirements of the research questions and objectives.     Secondary Data   The study too will utilize secondary data that will include the recent literature review regarding Employee motivation as published in related studies, books, articles, journals and websites. References:

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter will discuss the methods to be used for this research. This will detail the steps that t...

SUPERIOR SUBORDINATION RELATIONSHIP

Superior subordination relationship   Proposed Title: Superior Subordinate Relationship: A Research Study On Management and Organization Leadership   This research will proposal will have specific aims as well as objectives, for the aims, research will need to focus on management and organization leadership essay integrating superior subordinate relationships forming in specific example scenarios as found in the organization through which leadership is valued upon. This research will provide good research materials to several business executives and managers as well as to the readers of the piece.   Research rationale The rationale can be to conceptualize and test alternative perspectives of superior-subordinate relationships by means of incorporating levels of analysis in research assimilation and vigor. It can be that, superior-subordinate relationships characterize leadership driven organizations as responsible for the work functions as well as its related accountability. The subordinates must face their feelings of dependency and vulnerability in order to create successful organization centered relationship. Thus, some ideal parameters of influence and responsibility is useful for effective superior-subordinate relationships, from within successful organization duly integrating business culture values.   The objectives are: To be able to recognize and analysis literature resources pertaining to the topic and to be able to do imperative research investigation with specific case situations from such chosen organizations, and the need to give in practical generalizations and recommendations as deemed important to achieve research relevance and spontaneity.   Research Questions can deal with superior relationships determination and acceptance of the phenomenon  <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> What does superior-subordinate relationship mean in leadership organizations?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> How is it analyzed, applied and realized to form effective management process?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%">  What are some of the advantages as well as disadvantages?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> How to positively execute superior-subordinate relationships in the organization? Discuss and explore</li>   Literature Overview Ideally, proponents  (1983) have “analyze the superior-subordinate relationship as an exchange to which each party brings different needs and resources. They point out that this type of relationship can be productive and satisfying into the organization”. There was then a checklist for analyzing how the superior-subordinate relationship operates as an exchange and how the resources fail to mesh. Furthermore,  (1983) have suggested several steps for managing the superior relationship  as there moves from certain change, it can be recognizing that the relationship is an exchange as well as identifying clear organization needs also, the understanding of how the subordinate's and boss's needs fit together and recognizing that the relationship is likely to assume change further, there can be understanding of constraints, boss does operate and the establishing of better feedback and evaluation process for the assessment of the relationship ways. Methodology The core methodology can be utilizing qualitative narrative approach supporting in case study analysis as well as unstructured interviews towards the organization managers or head it can be sets of interview indirectly asked to the respondents comprising of at least ten respondents to arrive at simple response interpretations. Moreover, even if superior-subordinate relationship is complex, it might be filled with case opportunities evaluating meaningful and productive subordinate relationships. Thus, the superior as well as the subordinate's understanding of the complexity of authority lays the groundwork for reflective inquiry by superiors and risk taking by subordinates. Truly, it is a fact that without both good superiors and good subordinates’ organization leadership and management stance will suffer rapidly. Therefore, there is ample importance to acknowledge that this type of relationship will amiably require careful leadership and management competencies in recognizing relationship foundation and success.  (1983), : managing the superior/subordinate relationship.     11(4):46-64.

SUPERIOR SUBORDINATION RELATIONSHIP

Superior subordination relationship Proposed Title: Superior Subordinate Relationship: A Research Study On Management and Organizati...