Research Korner: Background of the Study Samples

Research Proposal for Masters Studies on Motivation and Its Impact on Job Performance

Title             The title for the proposed study is Motivation and Its Impact on Job Performance.   Background of the Study/Literature Review Motivation at work has been an accepted area of literature for a long time, particularly from the 1930s and on wards (Lee-Ross 2002). Motivation is defined as the process of gratifying the internal needs of individuals via actions and behaviours. It focuses on the complexity of mental and physical drives, joint with the environment which makes the people perform the way they do. Robert Dubin described motivation as the force which moves the person to action, and enables him to continue in the course of action that has already been initiated (cited in Kumar & Sharma 2001). Therefore, without motivation, employee or worker will not contribute to the success of performance of the organization (Agrawal 1995). Employee needs the skills, knowledge and capabilities in order to acquire the results according to the requirements of the organization. However, it is also vital for them to have the will to achieve the said results. The degree of motivation of the employees is connected to their level of commitment towards their work and determination to work based on high standards (Pergamon Flexible Learning 2005).   Aims and Objectives             The main aim of the study is to investigate how motivation can influence job performance of employees. In line with this, the following are the specific objectives of the study: ·         to assess the importance of motivation in an organization; ·         to evaluate the different factors which motivates employees; ·         to analyse how motivation can enhance job performance; and ·         to recommend actions and strategies to be implemented in order to sustain motivation inside the working environment.   Methodology Descriptive method will be used in the study. According to Creswell (1994) it can help in order to show the different facts that are connected with the nature of the status of the current problem or condition as it happens at the time of the study. This is the reason why, it is considered as one of the most applied methodology in most studies. Furthermore, it will also be helpful in order to offer logical use in the studies which focus on dissemination of information, at the same time, it can help in order to investigate based on normative standards. It will be helpful in order to focus on the practices which exist, beliefs and processes that are currently going on and the effects that are being felt and experienced, together with the trends that re currently developing (Best, 1907). The target population will be 200 employees from different sectors and industries. They will be chosen via random selection process. The researcher will first ask for the consent of the companies then the consent of the individual respondents. They will be informed about the nature of the study, and its significance. Survey questionnaire will be used in order to gather primary data from the respondents. Likert scales will be used, where in the respondents will be asked to rate the level of their agreements towards the statements given. This will also be advantageous because it will make filling up questionnaire a lot easier and faster. The equivalent weights of the answers are:    Range                                Interpretation 4.50 – 5.00                             Strongly Agree 3.50 – 4. 49                Agree 2.50 – 3.49                             Uncertain 1.50 – 2.49                             Disagree 0.00 – 1.49                             Strongly Disagree     All of the data will be evaluated with the use of SPSS software. Thus, in order to come up with the results and findings of the study, frequency, percentage and weighted mean will be calculated. The following are the formulas to be used: 1.      Percentage – will be calculated in order to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire (Research Methods Knowledge Base, n.d.).   2.      Weighted Mean   References Agrawal, P K 1995, Motivation and Indian Bureaucracy, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. Best, J. W. (1970). Research in Education, 2nd Ed. Englewood Cliffs. N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc. Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research design. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. DuBin, A 2008, Essentials of Management, Cengage Learning. Kumar, A & Sharma, R 2001, Personnel Management Theory and Practice, Atlantic Publishers & Distri. Lee-Ross, D 2002, ‘An Exploratory Study of Work Motivation Among Private and Public Sector Hospital Chefs in Australia’, Journal of Management Development, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 576 – 588.

Research Proposal for Masters Studies on Motivation and Its Impact on Job Performance

Title The title for the proposed study is Motivation and Its Impact on Job Performance. Background of the Study/Lite...

Research proposal on Marketing audit in retail banks in Botswana

Research problem A marketing audit amounts to an evaluation and assessment of all factors which affect the firm’s marketing performance. The factors can be internal to the firm or can be part of the external environment. The internal audit comprises a detailed analysis by product/service of the market share and profitability of the various lines. In addition, strategies relating to marketing mix elements are reviewed and studied together with the use made of marketing research data (Lancaster & Reynolds 2001). At the same time, an examination is made of marketing budgets and how they were drawn up and related to previously set agreed objectives. The external audit examines the organization’s external environment. It commences with a review of the general economy and then makes an assessment of the prospects for the firm’s markets. The external audit attempts to estimate what should be the appropriate action taking into account economic and market indicators. The idea behind the marketing audit is to identify marketing strengths and resources that you can build on and use to advantage in the new product. The shrewd strategist always attacks from a position of strength. An essential step in the strategy-development process, therefore, is to understand what the strengths really are, and to identify and correct any weaknesses in the firm's marketing resources that could have a negative impact on the new product. A facet of the marketing audit is to look at the marketing performance over time at current products and, perhaps, at other recent launches. Consider market shares, margins, and marketing costs against the strategies employed (Proctor 2000). This paper is a proposal to create a study on the benefits of marketing audit to companies like retail banks in Botswana.   Aims and objectives <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Understand the concept of marketing audit.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify">Determine the benefits of marketing audit.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify">Know the current trends in banking.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify">Analyze retail banking in Botswana.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Understand the benefits of marketing audit to retail banking in Botswana.</li> Literature review The ranks of banking's competitors were further swelled when companies began selling deposits, insurance, and other services to households across the nation. At roughly the same time some industrial and service corporations launched credit card programs as a supplement to their main business lines, while insurance companies developed a full line of financial services for large corporations previously the mainstay of bank lending and leasing programs. Despite rapid ATM growth, full-service banking offices advanced from less than forty-six thousand to more than sixty thousand and may continue to grow for a time alongside computer networks and automated machines to benefit those customers who do not trust or understand the new information technologies and to serve as a necessary platform for the sale of an ever expanding range of bank services, from credit and savings to retirement planning and risk management (Ashdown 2002).  Sustained prosperity often seems to breed contempt for prudent and careful lending practices. Moreover, a nation's overall prosperity masked serious economic problems in selected regions of a country where the collapse of real estate and energy markets resulted in a glut of nonperforming loans that overwhelmed the capital of both large and small banking organizations. Anxious to find new capital in order to rescue troubled banks and thrift institutions, many states passed liberal interstate banking laws in an effort to encourage outside banking companies to enter and bring their expertise to bear upon the problems at hand The high-net-worth private banking client is likely to remain an important factor in international banking for the foreseeable future, although the pattern of wealth ownership will probably shift steadily from inherited wealth to that created by the current generation (Rose 1997).   Methodology   Sample collection To determine the number of respondents that will be asked to participate and give information regarding the study convenience sampling will be used. Convenience sampling means to collect or interview individuals who actually experience the phenomenon. Convenience sampling will focus on individuals that experienced diabetes mellitus or has someone in the family that experienced such disease.   Methodology/Data Collection Primary and secondary sources of data would be used for the study. Surveys will the primary method of data collection.  Internet surveys would be the primary source of data. Internet surveys have been both hyped for their capabilities and criticized for the security issues it brings. Internet surveys would also require less time for the researchers and the respondents.  Secondary source of data would involve the use of books and journals.   Data Analysis             In analyzing the collected data, the paper will be divided into the demographic profiles of the respondents and the ideas of respondents. The data that will be acquired will be put into graphs and tables.   References Ashdown, NH 2002, The impact of banking policy on trade and global stability, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.   Lancaster, G & Reynolds, P 2001, Marketing: The one-semester introduction, Butterworth-Heineman, Boston.   Proctor, T 2000, Strategic marketing: An introduction, Routledge, London.   Rose, PS 1997, Banking across state lines: Public and private consequences, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.

Research proposal on Marketing audit in retail banks in Botswana

Research problem A marketing audit amounts to an evaluation and assessment of all factors which affect the firm’s marketing performance. ...

Research Proposal on Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People?

Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People? Introduction In the continuing efforts of the organizations to create a competitive advantage against their competitors and establish a strong relationship in the market, they tend to apply various motivational approaches that can increase the performance. People are considered as the most natural helpers or workers that maybe not perfect but can move according to what is being asked them to do. Based on the theories of motivation, there are many strategies that the leaders can use to satisfy the people’s needs for improvement. In addition, the quality of work is what being paid by the leaders. The continuous effort of the HR managers and organizational leaders in harnessing the professionalism out of the employees is one of then main targets of the business leaders.   Background of the Study and Problem Statement Although, there are many innovative ways that already established to improve the quality of performance that might contribute in the overall performance of the organization. Still, leaders are seeking to the most effective option that can be easily handled. Most of the actions being taken by the leaders are the motivational approach which increases the performance of an employee. However, the knowledge about the motivation is not enough unless it is proven effective by the organization.  The motivational approach suggests that employees should provide the expected effort from them according to what is being paid by the firm. On the other hand, what is the most effective way to increase the performance of an employee is through the use of payment.  Research Aim and Objectives The main aim of the study is to understand the motivational approach through the use of payment and as well as measuring its effectiveness in all the level of employees. There are three important objectives that can help the study achieve its aim. First is to have a deep understanding on the objectives or purpose of motivation. Second is to determine the various approaches being implemented by the leaders just to reach their expectancy on their employees. And last is to consult the perceptions of the employees regarding the payment as a motivational approach.  Literature Review Critically, the nature of motivation centers with the energy, direction, persistence and partial achievement in doing a certain work. There are different intention that portrays of each employee because of their uniqueness in terms of characteristics and bearing. Typically, a person enables to achieve their goals by fueling great enthusiasm towards it. Within the study of motivation, there is a wide concept which has been widely applied in both academics and professional world. The overall result of motivation is highly valued because of the positive implications that it promises within the organization. In a lighter way, motivation can be alike to the carrot and stick technique, wherein the leaders gives punishment and rewards to the people who are not focusing on their appropriate responsibilities. The organizational leaders embrace the truths that the people play their role within the workplace according to the factors that might affect them (Linnenbrink and Pintrich, 2002). Most of the previous studies pertaining to the motivational approach gave emphasized on the monetary rewards that can be the answer on the needs of an employee. The payment scenario is not entirely the total motivation for the employee but still proven effective to develop the potentials found among the individuals. The kind of payment being given by the organization is different among the compensation or standard payment the employees. In this matter, the organization should be prepared on the certain conditions that might be presented in the implementation of the monetary rewards. The challenge is now on the business and their ability to answer the stability of their financial matters because it is another expense that they must cover (Alexy and Leitner, 2007; Ghosh, 2007). Methodology The suggested method in the study is the use of the survey and interview within a typical workplace. Firstly, there should be a consultation in the population of the workforce regarding the existence of motivation and the influence that it created to increase their performance. The survey will be in a form of questionnaire using the Likert Scale to make it easier to the participants. The second phase of the method which is the interview will serve as a supporting documentary that will determine on how effective the motivational approach can be in the eyes of the managers. In addition, the use of payment as a motivational approach is not being set aside and which will be the center of the interview.    References: Alexy, O., & Leitner, M., (2007) “Norms, Rewards, and Their Effect on the Motivation of Open Source Software Developers”, Accessed 17 June 2010, from http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/Alexy_Leitner_-_Norms_Rewards_and_Their_Effect_on_the_Motivation_of_OSS_Developers.pdf Ghosh, R.A., (2007) “Study on the Economic Impact of Open Source Software on Innovation and the Competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Sector in the EU”, Accessed 17 June 2010, from http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ict/policy/doc/2006-11-20-flossimpact.pdf Linnenbrink, E., & Pintrich, P., (2002) “Motivation as an Enabler for Academic Success”, School Psychology Review, Vol. 31, No. 3

Research Proposal on Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People?

Is Pay a Motivation for All Level of People? Introduction In the continuing efforts of the organizations to create a competitive advan...

A Research Proposal Paper on Challenges to the Implementation of the EIA Process in Botswana

1.0 Title               The proposed title for this paper is Challenges to the Implementation of the EIA Process in Botswana. This paper will present the different methods, approaches, procedures and instruments to be used in order to implement the research in the future.   2.0 Background of the Study               Since its foundation in the late 1960s, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has progressed into a regulated and institutionalized procedure for recognizing, forecasting, evaluating and justifying the potential impact of development projects on environment (Noble and Bronson, 2006). EIA involves the process of examining, analyzing and assessing the planned activities which focus on ensuring environmentally sound and sustainable improvement. Thus, according to Hollick (1986), EIA is an effective planning and management tool.             It can be used in order to recognize the different types, magnitudes and possible changes in the environment as a result of an activity or policy. At the same time, it can also help in order to convey information to the decision-makers. According to Ortolano et al. (1987) the adoption and implementation of EIA is dependent on the framework of the institute as well as the political circumsntace of decision-making process.             In Botswana, the commitment to sustainable management of natural resources is supported by different policies and legislation and by Vision 2016, which states that:             By the year 2016, economic growth and development in Botswana will be sustainable. Renewable resources will be used at a rate that is in balance with their regeneration capacity… The wildlife of Botswana will be managed for the sustainable benefit of the local communities, and in the interests of the environment as a whole… By the year 2016, Botswana will have taken strong measures to limit pollution that would otherwise have resulted from rapid industrialization. (Mpotokwane and Keamtimilwe, n.d.).   3.0 Aims and Objectives               The main aim of the study is to investigate the different challenges connected to implementation of EIA process. In line with this, the following are the specific objectives of the study: ·         To study the nature of environmental impact assessment; ·         To present the purposes and benefits of environmental impact assessment; ·         To examine the current issues in and current status of environmental impact assessment; ·         To assess the current methods used in carrying out EIAs; and ·         To evaluate the different environmental factors which can affect the EIA process;   4.0 Methodology               This study will be exploratory in nature. Thus, it can help in order to study, examine, analyze or investigate something. It can also help in order to be familiar with something by testing it, thus it can also help in order to discover things. Therefore, it can help in order to gain only the degree of familiarity with the properties of substances and procedures that are needed in order to manipulate them, at the same time, achieve the desired effect or product. Overall, it can help to implement a study that is broad-ranging, purposive, systematic, prearranged undertaking, which can help to maximize the discover of generalizations, which consequently lead to description and understanding of a specific area of social or psychological life (Stebbins, 2001, 2).             With this, qualitative method will be used in the paper. According to Denzin and Lincoln (2005) “a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices which make the world visible”.             With this, the researcher can acquire more sensible and practical feel of the world which cannot be experienced and acquired with the use of numerical data and statistical analysis, at the same time, obtain flexible ways of collecting data, analysis and interpretation of the collected data (Fryer, 1991).             This paper will mainly use secondary data. Thus, it will implement secondary research. Secondary research is also known as desk research involves the process of summarizing, collating and/or synthesizing the existing researches and literatures, rather than primary research or collecting from research subject or experiments (Crouch and Housden, 2003).             With this, theories, information and data from different literatures, articles, journals and textbooks will be used. Different online libraries will be used in order to access necessary resources, which include EMERALD, SCIENCE DIRECT, EBSCO, QUESTIA and GOOGLEBOOK. In addition, different websites of government organizations in Botswana and other countries will also be used.   5.0 References   Crouch, S. and Housden, M. (2003). Marketing research for managers: The marketing series, Chartered Institute of Marketing. Butterworth Heinemann. Fryer, D. (1991). ‘Qualitative methods in occupational psychology: Reflection upon why they are so useful but so little used’. The Occupational Psychologist. 14, pp. 3 – 6. Hollick, M. (1986). ‘Environmental impact assessment: An international evaluation’. Environmental Management. 10, 157 – 178. Mpotokwane, M. and Keatimilwe, K. Botswana. Retrieved 8th October, 2010, from SAIEA website. Noble, B. And Bronson, J. (2006). ‘Practitioner survey of the state of health integration in environmental assessment: The case of northern Canada’. Environemntal Impact Assessment Revision. 26(4), 410 – 424. Ortolano, B., Jenkins, B. And Abracosa, R. (1987). ‘Speculations on when and why EIA is effective’. Environmental Impact Assessment Revision. 7, 285 – 292. Stebbins, R. (2001). Exploratory research in the social sciences. SAGE.

A Research Proposal Paper on Challenges to the Implementation of the EIA Process in Botswana

1.0 Title The proposed title for this paper is Challenges to the Implementation of the EIA Process in Botswana. This ...

Research Proposal :Analysis of the Most Severe Economic Crisis since 1970

// <![CDATA[ google_ad_client = "pub-0512912564335968"; /* 300x250, created 5/1/08 */ google_ad_slot = "6611326668"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; // ]]> Research Proposal Analysis of the Most Severe Economic Crises since 1970   Introduction Since 1970, the economic and economic crisis faced in the global market, has faced major economic cries which brought different challenges for the economy and the economic stability of the industries and also the entire nation. It can be said that with the challenges brought by these crisis, the management of banking and economic sector are trying to transform their business approaches.  Primarily, the goal of this propose research is to analyze the most severe economic crises since 1970, specifically this paper will attempt to analyze the root of the economic crises faced in the global market today.   Background of the study The true origin of the economic crisis faced, specifically the credit crunch was due to the credit bubble as well as the under-pricing of risk at period when rapid economic transformation outpaced regulatory controls and made risk assessment more difficult. To be able to understand the beginning of the credit crunch, its background can be attributed to the recovery from the year 2001 economic slump when the international income growth has soared. In many nations, the credit crunches translated into harshly higher real estate prices as well as the abnormally sharp returns in equity markets. Being driven by the low interest rates and the liquidity, the US housing has boomed and lasted for more than a decade during the period in which mortgage companies have extended loans to borrowers that have bad or poor credit records. With this, the brokers who has been provided with bigger commissions has become attractive to different borrowers for availing housing loans that have a minimal down payment with credit checks and tax documentation.             It can be said that the loans are being regarded to as the  sub-prime mortgages, typically charge 2% to 3% points more than those people with less-risky and bad credit profiles, and carry customizable and amendable interest rates that can cause payments to jump in the forthcoming years. Even if such process was considered as efficient, homeowners have observed s that housing prices escalates, that leads them to take out home equity loans that also helps fuel consumer spending. It can be said that sub-prime mortgage simply referred to the provision of loans to borrowers with marginal or weak or bad credit background to avail housing loans. The emergence of the context of sub-prime economic crisis has brought to the credit bubbles and credit crunches that leads to the economic turmoil which have different effects on different institutions in the global market and the mostly affected sectors are the banking and economic institutions. The sub-prime crisis, leading to credit crunches has affected different banking and economic establishments, real estate investment trusts, mortgage lenders, as well as hedge funds. It can be said that this has made different institutions to suffer significant losses as the result of mortgage payment defaults also known as the mortgage asset devaluation.             In the latter part of the first quarter of the year 2008, particularly April 25, 2008, banking and economic institutions has noted sub-prime related losses and write-downs exceeding U.S. $250 billion. With this aspect, the profits at the American banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has lessen from $35.2 billion to $5.8 billion which comprises 83.5% of the total loss  during the last quarter of the year 2007 versus the recent year because of the increasing loan defaults as well as the provisions for loan losses.  It can be noted that such phenomenon has been the worst bank and thrift performance in the history.             In the year 2007, affected banks have only earned earned $105.5 billion, which is lesser than 27.4% from their profit record of $145.2 billion in the year 2006. Banking institutions in the global market has also experienced such problem like the IKB Deutsche Industriebank which have also experienced relative losses and mortgage scores of lenders have decided to file bankruptcy. On the other hand, the effect of these economic crises has also lead to the resignation of different leaders like the Chief Executive Officers of Merrill Lynch and Citigroup Various industries have attended to consider merger-deal to survive the economic crisis. Moreover, Bear Stearns and Northern Rock have also acquired emergency assistance from higher banks like the Bank of England. Such economic issue has also been felt in the Indian banking and economic institutions which have ventured into USA.             Credit crunches has become an ongoing economic issue that shows itself through the liquidity problems in the banking system which owes to foreclosures.  Such economic issue began with the bursting of the United States housing bubble or the so-called credit bubble (Moyer, 2008; Lahart, 2008 and the intensive default rates in terms of the sub-prime and other adjustable rate mortgages which established higher-risk borrowers with lower revenue and lesser credit history than other prime borrowers.  It has been noted that the causes of the credit crunches can be attributed as varied and complex.  With this economic turmoil due to the credit crunches, the economic losses damaged balance sheets of various economic establishments, as assets were marked down but liabilities remain unchanged.   Aside from this, the credit crunch also reduced and lessens the willingness to lend between industries.     Research Objectives             The main goal of this proposed research is to study the most severe economic crises since 1970, specifically this aims on achieving the following objectives 1.    Identify the most severe economic crises in the global environment 2.    Investigate the roots and causes of these economic crises 3.    Analyze whether these economic crises have significant relationship in terms of the causes and the countries affected. 4.    Examine how companies and countries are able to cope with these economic crises.             Research Questionnaire To address the problem of the study, the following general research questions will be explored: 1.         What are the most severe economic crises since 1970? 2.         Does these economic crises have significant relationship with each other based on the following:             The cause of the economic crises       Countries affected 3.         How do companies and countries adjust to these economic crises?   Significance of the Study This study may be useful in gaining insights on the future of the economy based on the economic crises encountered by different industries and countries. The term ‘future’ is very general and many factors should be involved to determine the general future of the economic sector.             Understanding the roots, causes and effect of these economic crises can help the government and industries to determine ways on solving the challenges posts by these economic crises.             The economic crisis faced by companies and nations is considered as an ongoing economic problem that manifests itself with the liquidity issues in the banking system and other economies in the global market. It has been realized that one of the reasons for this economic crisis are very varied and complicated. In this regard, controlling and comprehending the ripple effect through the global economy as well as the management and marketing implication post critical challenges for investors, insurance companies, businesses, banking and economic industries as well as government institutions.    Literature Review Concept of the Sub-prime Crisis               The sub-prime crisis is an ongoing economic issue which manifests itself through liquidity problems in the banking system that owes to foreclosures which accelerated in the United States which starts in latter period of 2006 and triggered a global financial crisis during 2007 and 2008. This economic issue started with the bursting of the US housing bubble (Moyers, 2008; Lahart, 2008) and intensive default rates on sub-prime and other adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) created to higher-risk borrowers with lower revenue or lesser credit history than those prime borrowers. It is noted that the reasons for the sub-prime crisis are complex and varied. Because of this, understanding and controlling the ripple impact through the global economy posts critical challenges for businesses, investors, and government institutions.              The sub-prime lending is regarded as the practice of making loans to borrowers that do not qualify for market interest rates because of different risk aspects, like size of the down payment, income level, employment status and credit history. The amount of US prime mortgages was approximately $1.3 trillions as of March 2007 (MSNBC, 2008), with over 7.5 million first-lien sub-prime mortgages outstanding (Bernanke, 2007).  More or less 16% of the loans of sub-prime with adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) were 90-days delinquent or in foreclosure process as of October 2007, nearly triple the rate of 2005 (Bernanke, 2007). By January 2008, the delinquency rate had increased to 21% (Bernanke, 2008). The sub-crime crisis can be attributed to various factors. These factors include the incapacity of the homeowners to make their mortgage payments principally because of the loss of employment or health related aspects; insufficient mortgage I like short fixed term and buy downs adjustable rate mortgages couples with incentives fast rising adjustable mortgage values, poor judgement either by the lender and/or by the borrower. In addition, the declines of home prices have made the re-financing more complex. Due to the changes in line with securitization, it has been noted that the risks is related to the inability of the homeowners to attain mortgage payments had been distributed widely, with a series of consequential effects. Principally, there are four primary categories of risk involved with sub-prime crisis. These include credit risk, liquidity risk, and asset price risk and counter party risk. Specifically, the business organization is most interested in keeping counter party risk at low level since the volume of the bank’s total portfolio is largely determined by its trading activities. It was evident that counterparty risks associated with derivative trading activities are rooted among over-the-counter (OTC) transactions wherein additional expense or reduced revenue that would result from the replacement of the transaction by an equivalent position in the event of a default is evaluated and given necessary action. As such, there is a need for the people within Northern Rock organization to conceptualize means of minimizing the losses in terms of revenue and expenditure in over-the-counter transactions that the bank engages in. Moreover, counterparty selection is vital in order to maintain the strong hold of the business organization in the international banking industry.     The cross-product master netting agreements with business partners so as to reduce counterparty risks allowed all claims and liabilities not yet due to be offset against each other in the case of counterparty default. This served as contingency action in order to keep the expenses of over-the-counter transactions at minimum level while taking into account other factors and variables which causes loss in revenue.  The use of global multi-stage limit system to9 address credit risk exposure in credit and counterparty risk management by taking into account the replacement costs as well as other potential future price fluctuations will provide a comprehensive understanding and holistic view of the economic environment of the international banking industry guaranteeing safety nets among active participants in the business of global banking transactions. Other measures of unforeseen and emergent cases of loan loss allowances initiated by the management of Northern Rock include a value at risk procedure in quantifying collateralized transactions, and simulation procedure for unsecured transactions to assess the portfolio and correlations effects for calculating exposure.  Since it was revealed that the potential exposure could be reduced significantly in currency and interest rate transactions, succeeding business operations of the bank should be made to characterize these descriptions so as to contribute to the overall reduction of loan loss allowances.  In line with the credit risk, this risk is assumed by the bank which originates the loan. However, because of the major changes in securitization, credit risks are often transferred to third-party investors. Herein, the rights to mortgage payments have considered repackaging into a variety of complex investment vehicles, which generally categorized as collateralized debt obligations or mortgage-backed securities (MBS). Essentially, CDO is a repacking of present debt, and in previous years MBS collateral has generate a large proportion of issuance. In exchange of buying CDO or MBS and assuming credit risk, third party investors have gained a claim on the mortgage assets and related cash flows, which became collateral in the event of default.             On one hand, in line with asset price risk, CDO and MBS asset valuation is multifaceted and related fair value or mark to market accounting is subject to broad interpretation.  The valuation is derived from both the existence of viable market and the collectibility of sub-prime mortgage payments into which such assets can be traded which are interrelated. The rising mortgage delinquency rates have decreased demand for such assets. Banking and other institutional investors have identified substantial losses as they revalue their mortgage-backed securities downward. Several industries which borrowed money through CDO or MBS assets as collateral have encountered margin calls, as lenders provided their contractual rights to get their money back.  There is a growing consensus about the view on whether fair value accounting should not be suspended or temporarily modified, as large write-downs of complex value MBS and CDO assets might worsen the crisis (Gross, 2008).             In line with the liquidity risk, many industry rely on access to short-term funding market for operations of cash, these include the commercial paper and repurchase markets. Industries and structured investment vehicles often get short-term loans by issuing commercial paper, CDO and pledging mortgage assets as collateral.  In this regard, the investors provide cash in exchange for the commercial paper, which receive money-market interest rated. Nonetheless, due to the concerns about the value of the mortgage asset collateral associated with sub-prime and Alt-A loans, the capability of various industries to issue such paper has been impacted (Barr, 2007).  Furthermore, the interest rate charged by some investors to give loans for commercial paper has substantially increased above the historical level (Unmack, 2007).   Research Methodology             This proposed research is to determine the most severe economic crisis since 1970.  To achieve the objective of this study, descriptive approach will be used. Although both the qualitative and the quantitative research methods were used for the completion of this research activity, the study operates primarily under the qualitative research approach wherein the quality of the information gathered rather than the quantity of sources that are available to the researcher, is highly recommended so as not to compromise the quality of the data (Snijders, 1992; Faugier & Sergeant, 1997). Because the highly relevant aspects of the research study are characterized and classified as qualitative elements, standard measures that enabled quantification of the concepts will not meet the information needs of the project. These include the analysis of each of the economic crisis that hits the world. The exploratory research design served as the guiding framework for the execution of the entire research project. Exploratory research normally involves open-ended study, unguided by theory and intended to provide a new body of empirical knowledge from which theories might be postulated (Yin, 2003:22, Robson, 2002:59 & 399). As such, the case study research approach provided the most ideal methodology since the study calls for the need to conduct a holistic, in-depth investigation of the topic presented (Feagin, Orum & Sjoberg, 1991). This contributed to the knowledge of individual, group, organizational, social, political, and related phenomena being studied (Yin, 2003). Since the research project aims to enlighten identify the most sever economic crisis, assessment of each of the financial crisis will be considered. As such, the research activity employed means and measures to provide valid and reliable analyses of the economic crisis under the qualitative research approach. Hence, the entire research activity was composed of three data gathering procedures in order to identify the most sever economic crisis. These data gathering procedures include (a) interviews among economists and informed individuals (b) the interdepartmental ranking of economic crisis based on its major effect. and (c) in-depth case study of each of the economic crisis.   Coding and Data Interpretation The qualitative data collected through the key informant interview method were used and manipulated by utilizing the open-coding and axial coding procedures (Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998). This facilitated easier analysis of the qualitative information gathered as patterns, similarities and differences of the responses made by the informants of the study were classified and categorized to form logical data analysis and presentation. As such labels, words, and statements that were used by the participants to denote or connote similar concepts and themes were grouped and analyzed accordingly to summarize the core findings of the study (Kerig & Lindahl, 2001; Fairclough, 2003). Each of the concepts that were discussed during the key informant interview method were analyzed and related to the research questions and objectives so as to come up with sensible findings and results. Moreover, to facilitate the qualitative data analysis of the concepts of the study, content analyses of the responses of the interviewees were conducted. Defined, content analysis is the systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding (Markel, 1998; Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998; West, 2001). It is not restricted to the domain of textual analysis but could also include the categorization of illustrations or drawings (Wheelock, Haney & Bebell, 2000) as well as behaviours of individuals that are video tape recorded (Stigler et al, 1999). These characteristics of the content analysis enable researchers to sift through large volumes of data with relative ease in a systematic fashion (Markel, 1998; Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998; West, 2001). Content analysis is a useful technique that allows the discovery and description of the individual, group, institutional, or social attention or focus of the study  (Kulm, Dager Wilson & Kitchen, 2005) which opens opportunities  to correctly interpret the collected inferences and data and can be corroborated using other methods of data collection. This particular systematic qualitative data processing has been very useful in the entirety of the study since the content analyses facilitated organized and logical sorting of large data from interviews in order to arrive at simpler concepts for analysis and discussion. Moreover, in-depth interpretation of the specific cases that were explored was made possible so as to come up with holistic analysis of the findings of the study. As such attributes, constructs and other similar connotations of the topic of the study were grouped together to synthesize the results of the study as well as to mange the data more effectively and efficiently. In the case of the quantitative data collected in the interdepartmental website ranking, the descriptive statistics in the form of frequency through tallies was primarily used so as to present quantitative data descriptions in manageable forms.   Validity and Reliability This study employed qualitative research method (key informant interview) as the primary data collection procedure. Thus, ensuring the validity of the accumulated data is considered to be the most crucial stage of the research endeavor. This aspect of research was attended by the researcher because the validity of the data dictates the quality of the outcome of the accomplished procedures. Since a methodology is always employed in the service of a research question, validation of the inferences made on the basis of data from one analytic approach demands the use of multiple sources of information through validation study built into the design. In qualitative research, validation takes the form of triangulation which lends credibility to the findings by incorporating multiple sources of data, methods, investigators, or theories (Kaplan & Duchon, 1998; Foss & Ellefsen, 2002; Mingers, 2001). However, content analysis itself is only valid and meaningful to the extent that the results are related to other measures (Markel, 1998; Fico, Lacy & Riffe, 1998; West, 2001) which necessitated the use of triangulation method. The triangulation research strategy in which the use of multiple sources to enhance the rigor of the research (Robson, 2002:174) helped in the in-depth case analysis of the paper conglomerating three different aspect of the study which includes the (a) background information regarding the new initiatives and characteristics of the Dubai municipality governance while (b) classifying the structure of the organization into huge, middle and small department categories and (c) and the e-Governance practice in the United Arab Emirates focusing on its online services. Moreover, the interdepartmental ranking of the websites supported the researcher’s aim to present accurate and truthful findings following the principle of triangulation.   Reference   Faugier, J & Sargeant, M 1997, ‘Sampling hard to reach populations’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 26, pp. 790-797. Feagin, J, Orum, A & Sjoberg, G (Eds.) 1991, A case for case study, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, pp.20-26. Fico, FG, Lacy, S & Riffe, D 1998, Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ Flick, U 1998, An Introduction to Qualitative Research, London: Sage. Foss C, & Ellefsen B 2002, ‘The value of combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in nursing research by means of method triangulation’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 242-8. Gliner, JA & Morgan, GA 2000, Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. Green, JJ 2005, Design, Methods and Measurement for Applied Research, (PowerPoint Presentation) Institute of Community-Based Research, Division of Social Sciences/Centre for Community and Economic Development, Delta State University. Guba, E & Lincoln, YS 1998, 'Competing paradigms in qualitative research', In Denzin, NK & Lincoln, YS editors, The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lahart, J. Egg Cracks Differ In Housing, Finance Shells. Online available http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119845906460548071.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieve December 13, 2008, 2 Lim, M. Subprime mortgage meltdown: Roots of the crisis. Online available http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/talkofthetown/view_article.php?article_id=101568. Retrieve December 13, 2008. Moyers, B. Online available http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/06292007/transcript5.html.  Retrieve December 13, 2008, 1. Yin, Robert K. (2003) Case study research: Design and methods (3rd Edition), Sage.

Research Proposal :Analysis of the Most Severe Economic Crisis since 1970

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Research Proposal on Mainstreaming ill and Disabled Students into the Public School System

Mainstreaming Ill and Disabled Students into the Public School System Introduction The tension between exclusion and inclusion has been a shaping force in United States society and education. Public schools, in particular, have experienced stages of incorporating a larger number of children with disabilities into classrooms. During the 19th and much of the 20th centuries, there was a lengthy period of institutional segregated education for persons with disabilities. Today, many previously segregated learners have benefited from the social movement toward inclusive education. This movement has been sometimes slow and hesitant, but the overall result has been progress (Karagiannis, Stainback & Stainback, 1996). Several researches had already made the claim that integrating the ill and disabled students in the classroom shall deter their development and disrupt the learning of the regular students. However, I argue otherwise for three main reasons: (1) Including students with disabilities in general education classrooms heightens the awareness of each interrelated aspect of the school as a community; its boundaries, its benefits to members, its internal relationships, its relationships with the outside environment, and its history (Taylor, 1992); (2) ill and disabled students’ progress can be heightened by making them experience the regular classroom. It will further help them in coping with normal students. Finally, evidence shows that ill and disabled students does not disrupt the learning of the regular students. For this reasons, I find it imperative that school administrators, teachers, parents and students alike view the integration of ill and disabled students in the classroom more positively. The bias and stereotyping associated with ill and disabled students is hoped to be minimized particularly in Tucson, Arizona by the conduct of researches in this nature. Moreover, since there is a very limited number of schools accepting ill and disabled students in Arizona, it is the hope of this proposed study that public schools open the doors to the inclusion of ill and disabled students in the regular classroom. Background of the Study Mainstreaming ill and disabled students had been a hotly debated issue in the education journals. One school of thought contends that inclusion will deter the academic learning of the regular students. Another argue that it will not affect the learning of the regular students. Some even went to the extend to propose that it actually helps in the learning process of the students. The state of Arizona currently suffers from the discrimination of ill and disabled students’ inclusion in the public school system. This is evidenced by the very few schools that accepts them in the regular classroom. This is primarily because, the art of facilitating inclusion involved working creatively with the state of heightened awareness to redirect the energy bound up in fear toward problem solving that promoted reconsideration of boundaries, relationships, structures, and benefits Stainback & Stainback, 1996). When this redirection failed, students with disabilities remained on the outside of education, or they drifted with their individualized education programs (IEPs) and their aides (Schnorr, 1990). When this redirection succeeded, the life of a classroom shifted, in surprisingly quiet ways, to make room for new relationships, new structures, and new learning (Logan et al.,1994). Statement of the Problem Many educators agree that schools need to effectively integrate students with learning disabilities into the general education classroom. Students with learning disabilities are often characterized as inactive learners, remaining on the periphery of academic and social involvement in elementary and secondary classrooms (Torgeson, 1982). Central to the argument for effective integration of these students is that for a part of each day, most are removed from the general education curricula, and from their peers without disabilities; as a result, students with disabilities must continually reestablish themselves as members of the mainstream (Gartner & Lipsky, 1987; Reynolds,Wang, & Walberg, 1987). This proposed study seeks to compare the learning process and academic learning of the students in four classrooms: two from public schools that integrates ill and disabled students in the regular classroom and two from public schools that does not include ill and disabled students. The independent variable shall be the classrooms without ill and disabled students. The dependent variable shall be the classroom with ill and disabled students. Hypothesis             This proposed study shall test the following hypothesis: 1.      Using the result of the survey questionnaire, there is no significant relationship between performance of classrooms with ill and disabled students and those that does not include ill and disabled students 2.      Using the grades and state test scores of students, there is no significant  relationship between performance of classrooms with ill and disabled students and those that does not include ill and disabled students Definition of Terms: Inclusion: can be defined as the practice of serving students with a full range of abilities and disabilities in the general education classroom - with appropriate in-class support. Learning Disability (LD): A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, which may manifest in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations which adversely affect the student’s educational performance. Public Law (PL) 94-142 ,the Education for All Handicapped Children Act: To the maximum extent appropriate, students with disabilities are educated with students who do not have a disability, and that special classes, separate schools or other removal, from the regular education environment occurs only when the nature of severity of the disability is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactory. Regular Education: Instruction that is content-driven directed by a teacher who concerns him or herself with whole group instruction, record keeping and grades, and does not take into account any individual learning differences. Limitations of the Study The findings of this study cannot be generalized to other School systems. It is limited to the state of Arizona particularly in the High School level. Significance of the Study The information gathered from this study will public school administrators, teachers, counselors, parents, and others in determining whether exposure to an inclusion program benefits the student academically, socially, and from a family standpoint. Secondly, the data gained as a result of this study will be made  available to individuals and agencies for the purposes of evaluating and planning inclusion programs. Literature Review Several studies have shown that inclusion is a viable method of instruction for students with disabilities as well as for students without disabilities. Affleck, Madge, Adams, and Lowenbraun (1988) compared the performance of students without learning disabilities placed in integrated and mainstream education programs and reported no significant differences between the two groups, suggesting that normally achieving students are not adversely affected by being placed with students with LD. They concluded that the students in the integrated programs more often reduced inappropriate behaviors, increased communication skills, exhibited greater independence and engendered higher parental expectations. As evident by these various studies, the concept of inclusion enhances the education of students with and without disabling conditions. It promises to streamline the educational system and better allocate its most important resource, teachers. Yet, many if not most, of the schools have a long way to go before all students can enjoy the full benefits of inclusion. Research by Autin (1992) clearly establishes that integrated models improve the academic and social performance of all students. It also shows that comprehensive inclusion presents the best alternative to segregated special education, or exclusion. This system of exclusion finds its roots in the 1954 decision, Brown v. Board of Education, (Murphy, 1996) where a separate education was also considered unequal. The African American students were shortchanged; they were separated from the mainstream and were provided an inferior education that would prove harmful in their lives. That same concept, inequality, is paramount with regard to the inclusion movement. Students who are emotionally disturbed, physically challenged, visually impaired, and learning disabled are often excluded from the total school population. From the standpoint of legal history, the establishment of the basic concept that no child can be denied or excluded from a publicly supported education because of a handicap is expressed under the document Public Law (PL) 94-142, or the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) which mandated appropriate education for all students with disabilities. Public Law 94-142 recognized and supported this need for the education of students with disabilities in regular classroom settings, by creating a presumption in favor of educating children with handicaps in regular education environments (Danielson & Bellamy, 1989, p. 448). Students who are learning disabled may exhibit a wide range of traits, including poor reading comprehension, spoken language, writing and reasoning ability. Hyperactivity, inattention, and perceptual coordination problems may also be associated with LD, but are not examples of LD. Other traits that may be present include a variety of symptoms of brain dysfunction, including uneven and unpredictable test performance, perceptual impairments, motor disorders and emotional characteristics such as impulsiveness, low tolerance for frustration and maladjustment. One possible cause for the failure of many programs serving youth with serious emotional disturbance to promote increased integration may be that little research has been undertaken to isolate specific variables that promote integration or increase the likelihood that children with serious emotional disturbance will be reintegrated (Schneider & Byrne, 1984). Of the studies investigating the decision to mainstream children with serious emotional disturbance, the focus has typically been on (a) the behavior or academic achievement of the student or (b) the characteristics of the regular education (mainstream) teacher (Carran, Rock, and Rosenberg, 1994). Although the behavior of the child with serious emotional disturbance might logically be considered a major determinant in placement decisions, there is evidence to indicate that behavioral, social, interpersonal, and task-oriented skills are not being considered when reintegration decisions are made (Downing et al., 1990). Further, neither behavioral improvement nor academic achievement has been shown to differentiate students who were reintegrated from those who were not (Downing et al., 1990; Foley, Cullinan, & Epstein, 1990). Methodology This study will use the descriptive approach. This descriptive type of research will utilize interview, observation and questionnaires in the study.  To illustrate the descriptive type of research, the researcher will be guided by Creswell (1994) when he stated: “Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition.  The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of a particular phenomena. The research described in this document is based solely on quantitative research methods. This permits a flexible and iterative approach. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This allows investigation of important new issues and questions as they arise, and allows the investigators to drop unproductive areas of research from the original research plan. This proposed study basically intends to investigate the effects of including ill and disabled students in public school classrooms in Tucson in terms of the academic achievements and development of the ill and disabled students and the regular students. This shall be compared to classrooms which do not have ill and disabled students. The effects of inclusion of ill and disabled students shall be monitored using two classrooms in Tucson whereas two classrooms in the same year level shall also be monitored using a public school which does not accept ill and disabled students. The academic performance of students shall also be based on the grades of the students. In assessing the relationship of mainstreaming in public schools- the following variables shall be tested. The independent variable shall be the classrooms without ill and disabled students. The dependent variable shall be the classroom with ill and disabled students.             The primary source of data will come from a survey questionnaire which has already been used in previous researches which will be given to the respondents. This will be used instead of a research-made questionnaire in order to ensure that the questionnaire is properly validated and highly reliable. The respondents of this study will be from four public schools in Arizona; two classrooms which integrates ill and disabled students and two classrooms which does not include ill and disabled students. The academic records of the students shall be evaluated including state-wide examination results. This data will be asked from the teachers and the school administrators. Moreover, interviews shall also be conducted on the classroom teachers of the students and the school administrators. The teachers will also be asked to assess the students based on groupings the ill and disabled and the regular students.             The secondary sources of data will come from published articles from education and psychology journals, theses and related studies on educational psychology. For this research design, the researcher will gather data, collate published studies from different local and foreign universities and articles from social science journals, distribute sampling questionnaires; arrange interviews; and make a content analysis of the collected documentary and verbal material.  Afterwards, the researcher will summarize all the information, make a conclusion based on the null hypotheses posited and provide insightful recommendations on the dealing with the debate on the inclusion or exclusion of ill and disabled students in public schools.  Validation of the Instrument Since this proposed study shall be using a standardized survey questionnaire, the validity and the reliability of the instrument to a certain degree is already established. However, to double check the applicability of the instrument on students in Tucson, Arizona, the researcher will initially submit a survey questionnaire and after approval, the survey will be given to 12 students, three for each classroom. After the survey questionnaire will be answered, the researcher will ask the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary corrections to ensure further improvement and validity of the instrument.  The researcher will again examine the content of the survey questionnaire to find out the reliability of the instrument.  The researchers will exclude irrelevant questions and will change words that would be deemed difficult by the respondents, to much simpler terms. Administration of the Instrument The revised instrument will then be administered to the respondents of the study which will be chosen through a combination of cluster and random sampling.  The researcher will exclude the ten respondents who will be initially used for the validation of the instrument.  The researcher will also tally, score and tabulate all the relevant data in the survey questionnaire. The result of the interviews on the teachers and the school administrators shall be transcribed for validation purposes. After designing and validating the survey instruments, the researcher shall be inviting school systems and nonpublic schools to participate. First, school administrators shall complete a brief (one-page) information sheet reporting the total number of students who had been enrolled and the number of children reintegrated from their restrictive programs during the previous school year, indexed by each classroom teacher or case manager. Administrators shall also provide information on programmatic elements related to reintegration, such as reintegration procedures and options. Next, the classroom teachers of students with LD and Ill students in each participating schools shall complete a survey on personal background, program information, school reintegration practices, and opinions regarding reintegration. Data will be coded and analyzed using SPSS statistical software (SPSS, 1988). Statistical Treatment of Data When all the survey questionnaire will have been collected, the researcher will use statistics to analyze all the data. The statistics that will be used in this study shall be the frequencies and percentage for the demographic profile of the respondents; weighted mean and chi-square in determining the relationship of the demographic variables and the responses of the students on the questionnaire; a multiple regression analysis using ANOVA shall also be conducted in determining the significant relationships between variables. The researcher will be assisted by the SPSS in coming up with the statistical analysis for this study. Conclusion             The research faces three difficulties. First is the conduct and the administration of the survey and the cooperation of the school administrator, teachers and the students. In order to solve this problem, coordination among the actors in this research shall be cleared. Moreover, letters shall be distributed to several schools so that in case, one school declines, there will always be fallback. Second, the documents needed for this research (grades, test scores, personal backgrounds of the students) may not be readily provided by the teachers. Thus, it will be cleared in the beginning before the agreement of their participation on the documents and records needed in the study. Finally, the confidentiality of the school’s name, the teachers, administrators and the students may be requested and waived by the participants. A letter signifying the nondisclosure of names as requested by the participants shall be provided. References Affleck, J.Q., Madge, S., Adams, A., & Lowenbraun, S. (1988). Integrated classroom versus resource model: Academic viability and effectiveness. Exceptional Children, 54, 339-348.   Autin, D. (1992). Segregated and second rate: Special education in New York. (Report No. NCERI-RR-92-4). Long Island, NY: National Center on Educational Restructuring and Inclusion. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 357 573)   Carran, D., Rock, E. and Rosenberg, M. (1994) Variables affecting the reintegration rate of students with serious emotional disturbance. Exceptional Children, Vol. 61.   Cullinan, D., & Epstein, M. H. (1990). Academic and related functioning of mainstreamed and nonmainstreamed seriously emotionally disturbed students. Severe Behavior Disorders Monograph, 13, 80-89.   Danielson, E.C., & Bellamy, T. (1989). How we might achieve the radical reform of special education. Exceptional Children ,60, 441-450.   Downing, J. A., Simpson, R. L., and Myles, B. S. (1990). Regular and special educator perceptions of nonacademic skills needed by mainstreamed students with behavioral disorders and learning disabilities. Behavioral Disorders, 15(4), 217-226.   Gartner, A., & Lipsky, D.K. (1987). Beyond special education: Toward a quality system for all students. Harvard Educational Review, 57(4), 367-395.   Karagiannis, A., Stainback, W., & Stainback, S. (1996). Inclusion: A guide for educators. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company.   Logan, K., Fiaz, E., Piperno, M., Rankin, D., MacFarland, A.,& Benjamin, K. (1994). How inclusion built a community of learners. Educational Leadership, 52(4), 42-44.   Murphy, D.M. (1996). Implications of inclusion for general and special education. The Elementary School Journal, 96(5), 469-480.   Reynolds, M.C., Wang, M.C., & Walberg, H.J. (1987). The necessary restructuring of special and regular education. Exceptional Children, 53(5), 391-398.   Schneider, B., & Byrne, B. M. (1984). Predictors of successful transition from self-contained special education to regular class settings. Psychology in the Schools, 21, 375-380.   Schnorr, R. (1990). Peter? He comes and goes....First graders perspectives on a part time mainstream student. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 15(4),231-240.   SPSS, Inc. (1988). SPSSX Version 3.1)   Stainback, S., & Stainback, W. (1992). Curriculum considerations for inclusive classrooms: Facilitating learning for all students. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company.   Taylor, P. (1992). Community. In E. Keeler & E. Lloyd (Eds.), Keywords in evolutionary biology (pp. 52-53). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.   Torgeson, S. (1982). Caught in the continuum: A critical analysis of the principle of the least restrictive environment. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 13, 41-53. 1

Research Proposal on Mainstreaming ill and Disabled Students into the Public School System

Mainstreaming Ill and Disabled Students into the Public School System Introduction The tension between exclusion and inclusion has be...