Research Korner: Policy Making

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing   Active ageing is an emerging global policy that refers to the process of facilitating opportunities for the participation, health and security of people in order that the quality of their lives will be enhanced as they age. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Active Ageing Framework that was launched in 2002 has generated various policy  interpretations and implementations by member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the U.S.A. The broad determinants of this approach include culture, gender and economic determinants, and allied to this is “The Solid Facts” WHO publication in 2003 which touches on the social determinants of health across a lifespan including social gradient, stress and work.[1]   Canada and Mexico developed the document “A Guide for the Development of a Comprehensive System of Support to Promote Active Ageing” (2003), which focuses on a comprehensive system of support to promote active ageing. The Policy Research Initiative’s (PRI) report, “Encouraging Choice in Work and Retirement Project Report” (2005), seeks to find out the social and economic implications of ageing in the Canadian labor market. The OECD report, “Ageing and Employment Policies: Canada 2005”, calls for increased workforce participation by older workers and combining pensions with work income.[2]   The “New Zealand Positive Ageing Strategy” (2001) seeks to provide policy and service in broad areas and form a positive ageing society, where people 65 years and older are given opportunities to participate as they desire in society.[3] Sweden’s public health policy in 2003 calls for the improvement of public health equally across the entire population. The public health report, “A Healthier Elderly Population in Sweden” (2004), suggests creating strong social networks among the elderly to reduce isolation, encouraging older people to participate in social and cultural activities and providing them safe housing and communities.[4]   The white paper, “Our Health, Our Care, Our Say: A New Direction for Community Services”, in the United Kingdom, holds that reforms will enable the creation of a framework for the rapid delivery of health and social care services to the people who need them. The briefing, “Life Long Learning” (2002), stresses the commitment of the Better Government for Older People (BGOP) committee to establishing links between learning and policies, while the “Older and Bolder” government measure works for making education programs relevant and accessible to older people.[5]   The “Older American Act” (OAA) created by the U.S.A. in 1965 which remain relevant today have the objectives of providing the elderly with adequate income in retirement, the best physical and mental health in all economic groups, and suitable and affordable housing, among others. The U.S.A. also launched the ten year health promotion program, “Healthy People 2010”, in 2000, which seeks to eliminate health disparities based on such factors as gender, race and income and education. It also recognizes that the way people have led their whole lives impacts the quality of their life as they age.[6]   The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) issued its “Health Action Plan” in 2002, which calls for a broad, cross-sectoral approach to address the social determinants of health and wellbeing including the social gradient, stress, early life, work and social support. The “Healthy and Meaningful Ageing: Strategic Plan 2006-2008” of 2006 identifies priority areas for action and research including community recognition of the dignity and worth of older people, the providing of programs for the enhancement of the physical and mental health of the elderly and the facilitation of affordable housing and safe living for them. The “Improving with Age: Our Ageing Plan for South Australia” issued by the government of South Australia (SA) in 2006 concentrates on allowing seniors choice and independence on where they live, staying healthy and linking with the community, and on recognizing their work contributions as grandparents, care-givers and volunteers.[7]   The “Tasmanian Plan for Positive Ageing 2000-2005” issued by Tasmania in 1999 addresses such issues as promoting more positive attitudes toward ageing and older people in the community, and increasing seniors’ participation in community employment, voluntary service and recreation.[8] 	   	 	 		 		 		 		 		[1] Terese Hutchison et al, “A 		Review of the Literature on Active Ageing”, University of Canberra, 		pdf, 		 		September 2006, <http://www.canberra.edu.au/centres/healthpact/attachments/pdf/active-ageing.pdf> 		 		[accessed 10 June 2011] 	 		 		 		 		 		[2] ibid 	 		 		 		 		 		[3] ibid 	 		 		 		 		 		[4] ibid 	 		 		 		 		 		[5] ibid 	 		 		 		 		 		[6] ibid 	 		 		 		 		 		[7] ibid 	 		 		 		 		 		[8] ibid

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing Active ageing is an emerging global policy that refers to the process of facilitating ...

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing Active ageing is an emerging global policy that refers to the process of facilitating ...

Hong Kong Aviation Policy – Green Paper

Aviation Policy – Green Paper   Open Skies Agreement with the US                         In the case of Hong Kong, having an open skies agreement with the US, can help the city to improve their transportation system, both for the travelers and business sector.             This can be done by Hong Kong by signing an agreement with the US to open its sky further that focuses on allowing an unlimited number of US airlines in order to operate in the territory and then allow the US to have the freedom to set the ticket prices and vice versa (Bnet, 2005). On the other hand, the city would demand the rights to enter the US domestic markets or cabotage in return for the concessions on open skies (Outsourced Logistics, 2005). This is because under the open skies policy, the US airlines would enjoy unfettered access to the regional markets that feed the city, on the other hand, the Hong Kong airlines would remain banned from the likewise competing on American turf (Outsourced Logistics, 2005). The said situation shows unfairness and imbalance. In addition, the passengers and cargo markets are not independent to each other, thus the liberalization of the air cargo service will have the impacts on the different services towards the passengers. As a result, if Hong Kong unilaterally opened its fifth freedom cargo rights, the foreign carriers will enter the market that will lead to the decline in the prices as well as increase in the volume of the cargo services. On the other hand, the local carriers will lose a vital amount of business to the foreign airlines under a great disparity in the market share of the domestic carriers and foreign mega-carriers. It will affect the performance of the home carriers and it is important to consider that the performance of the home carriers is important in the entire aviation industry of the city. Due to the fact that the domestic market in the US is still close for access of foreign carriers, Cathay Pacific and Dragonair would reduce their ability to build up a strong hub-and-spoke system for the city (Ying, 2003, p. 89). Importance of US Open Skies Agreement to Hong Kong             There are some critics who are claiming that open skies with US would help Hong Kong to maintain its position as one of the most important financial and aviation hub in the world. One of the main benefits of the agreement is that it would create positive impact on the users of the freight services (Ying, 2003, p. 89). This is due to the fact that open skies agreements are vital to the efficient movement of high value cargo in the Hong Kong’s economy, and its connection to the global economy (BNET, 2005). In addition, it has a great impact over the passengers market, particularly those leisure travelers who are availing economy-class ticket, because open skies agreement can help to lower the air fare due to the presence of intense competition. Thus, the intense competition can help improvement, development and innovation for different airline companies in terms of their service offerings to their customers.   Fifth Freedom Rights and Level of Relaxation             On the other hand, it is important to consider the different aspects that will be included in the actions of the city regarding the open city. Primarily, it is important to consider the level of relaxation. The US is considered as one of the most famous country who has totally abolished the influence of the Chicago convention in their aviation policy. In Hong Kong, it will be important to maintain some point where in its aviation policy will offer some control on level of relaxation. Thus, the power or control of the government in the aviation system of the city will not be totally removed, but will just be minimized. More importantly, it is vital for the government of the city to maintain high standards of aviation safety and security support each other in order to sustain peace and order within the city as well as the US. When the fifth freedom is granted to the US, Hong Kong will allow aircraft of the carriers from the US to transport from Los Angeles through Hong Kong and transport the passengers from Hong Kong to the third Asian country like Bangkok. On the other hand, US carriers will use another aircraft in order to transport the passengers from Hong Kong, together with the passengers from Los Angeles to Bangkok (Ying, 2003, p. 40).   Organizations to be Consulted             In order to come up with the decision regarding the open skies agreement, it is important to focus on the organizations that will be affected by the decision, primarily, the Cathay Pacific Airways. Cathay Pacific is considered as the home carrier of Hong Kong, and it has been serving and growing with the city for about 60 years (Cathay Pacific, n.d.). This is due to the fact that the home-carrier plays an important role in the improvement of the entire aviation system of the city. Only the strong home-carrier can help to expand the trunk routes and extend the network efficiently for the city. Furthermore, a dominant home-carrier, with its own headquarters that are located in the home base, has a much stronger linkage as well as multiplier effect in the local economy compare to foreign carriers. Above all, a strong home-carrier can help to maintain a stable supply of air transport services for the hub, thus will help to prevent any disruption of services because of different political and other types of crisis situations (Law & Yeung, n.d.). In addition, the government must also communicate with the different local and international environmental organizations in order to prevent any health hazardous aspects in the plan.             In addition to that, the Hong Kong government must also be consulted, together with the different economic departments or government organizations, primarily the Hong Kong Development Council. This will help the city to study the different possibilities and future problems that can arise due to the agreement. In addition to that, it can also help the city to decide, whether the action will be beneficial both for the US and the city. Aside from that, the tourism board must also be included in the consultation process in order to connect the action with the growing number of visitors in the city.             In order to come up with the agreement, it will take a month, due to that each and every organization that have mentioned will have to study and research the impact of the agreement to their performance, thus the whole city. In addition to that, after individual research, the government of the city, will present and connect all the individual idea, and then consider the points that will be given by the US government.   The Need for Third Runway             Open skies means unlimited number of aircraft that would travel in the city, thus it will mean more air traffic demand to be served. Clearly, the city is having a capacity problem. And the congestion problems are being felt at the current capacity of 54 movements per hour in spite of having two wide-spaced parallel runways. That’s why it will be important to have third runway in order to support the future demands or needs of the aviation system of the city. However, there are different aspects that must be considered such as policies and actions that will guarantees and cover noise control, night flying, environmental works, highway improvements, public transportation, community relations, social policy and the ultimate capacity of the airport (Law, Fung, Law, Tse & Chan, 2007).             Based on the timing, it can be said that the concern of the public regarding the issues of environment and politics are the key factors that determine the actual duration of the project. In terms of environmental factors, it focuses on the noise and the air pollution that will be released by the airplanes. These are hazardous to the environment and later on to the health of the people. That is why it will be important to set a standard that will delimit the airplanes that will enter the city, it will be important to make sure that only less-pollutant in terms of noise and air can enter and use the runway of the city.     References   Cathay Pacific and Hong Kong. Cathay Pacific. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/aboutus/commuity cxadhk   Controversy in Hong Kong US Open Skies Talks (2005, April 25). Outsourced Logistics, Retrieved November 27, 2008, from http://outsourced-logistics.com/logistics_services/outlog_story_7120/   Kim, A. (2005, April 20). Mineta Makes Big Push for Open Skies in Hong Kong. Aviation Week. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://www.aviationw eek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=aviationdaily&id=news/HKOS04205.xml&headline=Mineta%20Makes%20Big%20Push%20For%20Open%20Skies%20In%20Hong%20Kong   Law, C. K., Fung, M., Law, J., Tse, D. & Chan, K. Y. (2007, November 28). HKIA’s Third Runway: The Key for Enhancing Hong Kong’s Aviation Position. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://www.baf.cuhk.edu.hk/research/aprc/activities/files/Fina l%20Runway%2029Nov.pdf.   Law, C. K. & Raymond, Y. Research Update: The Reality of “Open Skies” and Its Relevance for Hong Kong. Hong Kong Policy Institute. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://www.hkpri.org.hk/bulletin/15/rupdate.html   Mineta, N. (2005, April 19). US Official Urges Hong Kong to Liberalize Aviation Market. Washington File. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from htt p://news.findlaw.com/wash/s/20050419/20050419135710.html US Urges Hong Kong to Open Skies (2005, June 20). Bnet. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_/ai_n27853 148 Ying, M. (2003, June). A Study on the Impacts of Liberalization of the Fifth Freedom Rights on Hong Kong’s Aviation Industry. Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Retrieved November 27, 2008, from http://online.lgt.polyu.edu.hk/ fyp/docum ents/bsc_03/PO_186_03.pdf

Hong Kong Aviation Policy – Green Paper

Aviation Policy – Green Paper Open Skies Agreement with the US In the case of Hong Kong, having an open skie...

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing

A Brief Literature Review on Positive Ageing Active ageing is an emerging global policy that refers to the process of facilitating ...

Extension of the Retirement Age in Hong Kong

REPORT OUTLINE   Date:                                                              26 March 2008   Title:                                                               Extension of the Retirement Age in Hong Kong   Type of Report:                                          Protocol Proposal   Objective:                                                     Rapidly aging populace is one of the major challenges to Hong Kong government as it has staggering effects on the economy. This paper aim to propose different protocols or procedures that the government could undertook in the form of Retirement Age extension Policy.   Existing Governmental Authorities:      Hong Kong Retirement Scheme Association, Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority and Task Force on Population Policy   Existing Governmental Programs:        Comprehensive Social Security Assistance, Supplementary Labor Scheme and Quality Migrant Scheme   Abstract:                                                       Hong Kong’s population is rapidly aging. Without necessary changes in policy, the consequences will directly impact the economic performance. This document proposes the protocol/procedure from formulating to implementing the Retirement Age Extension Policy; the phrase the paper will going to use from this point onwards.                                                                         Governing Units:                                        Central Policy Unit and Commission on Strategic Development   Key Words:                                                  Retirement age, policy, Hong Kong, commission, retirement age extension, population     Extension of the Retirement Age in Hong Kong   1. The Scenario Hong Kong is facing a dilemma – its population is aging. The aging population is expected to have a negative impact on Hong Kong’s economy, community and labor force. If the labor force will continue to decrease relative to overall population, there will be a slowdown in Hong Kong’s economic development and government revenue will be reduced. The government will also be forced to allot more expenditure on security assistance, welfare and health care services. The trend was observed since 1991 when Hong Kong population ranked 38th of the countries with oldest populations in the world with 8.8% of the total population is over 65. As Lee Ngok and Agnes Lam (1994) put it, “the age of the economically-active population has been slowly shifting upwards” whereby the median age was already 34.4 years old during that year, and has been rising slowly since then (refer to Table 1 in Appendices section). One of the adverse impacts of the aging population is the increase in social security payments. As the population ages, the society will need to allot more resources for the caring of its elderly. As a result, fewer resources can be devoted to productive investment or to the younger generations. This can lead to long-term economic stagnation and decreased competitiveness against other economies with younger populations.   According to Doug Crets (2006), “Hong Kong’s low mandatory retirement age was even exacerbated by the rapidly aging population and being one of the world’s lowest birth rates”. Unless the government and individuals plan for the future, within the Hong Kong workforce and hence economy, there would be the existence of ‘brain drain’.   There are no existing mandates regarding the retirement age in Hong Kong at present. Individual employers or companies can set the appropriate retirement age for their employees which may form part of the employment terms agreed between the two parties. Most Hong Kong people strongly believed that the government should enforce mandatory increase in retirement age as well as “additional private savings” (Crets, 2006).             Because of the increasing concerns about the economic and labor force impact of the aging population, the Hong Kong government has taken steps towards the creation of suitable regulations and programs especially in the area of retirement arrangement. The Central Policy Unit was appointed to conduct a study of different retirement policies in selected countries and assess their applicability to Hong Kong.   2. The Retirement Age Extension Policy   The retirement system of Hong Kong, like any other system, experiences challenges including: a) dependable income during retirement, b) adequate retirement income, c) sensible investment options and d) defined contribution benefits that deliver even when employees do not make good choices.     Currently, the retirement age for Hong Kong employees overall is 65 but since there are no governmental regulations that will govern the workforce, as already mentioned, employers and/or companies are free to decide on the retirement age of their employees. Alternatively, Hong Kong is one of the nations with the world’s longest average life expectancy of 81.6 years overall (Asia Sentinel, 2007).   Such situation has profound impact on the economic performance of Hong Kong in general. People aged 65 and above presently account for 12.3 percent of the total population. Such proportion is estimated to increase by 14.6% and 25.6% by 2015 and 2033, respectively.   Since retirement planning is not enough, mandatory policy must be in existence to compensate life expectancy over retirement age. To wit, between the ages of 60 and 65 and beyond such, Hong Kong population could still be active economically. Apart from overcoming the retirement dilemmas mentioned above, the government could devote its finances and welfare provision for on health and care for the handicapped and for children (Asia Sentinel, 2007).              3. Impact on Management Environment in Hong Kong   Such policy will surely affect the sustainability, equity and growth of the region especially on two subjects namely structure and substance. For employers, most especially, whether public or private, the implications will be on choosing between pay-as-you-go or funded and defined benefit or defined contribution. Substance will deal much on target placement rate, normal retirement age, how much and what kind of redistribution and how much coverage.   Nevertheless, the Hong Kong aging population must be seen as an opportunity rather than a threat according to HSBC Global Forum on Ageing and Retirement because of the fact that ‘age-diverse workforces are good for businesses’.  Based on a survey conducted, working practices could not change quickly enough and that governments must do more in order to remove barriers to the continued employment of older people particularly on exclusionary employment policies.   Perhaps the questions would be: How the Retirement Age Extension Policy could benefit the management? The logic is simply. The results of the findings found out that a store staffed with older people achieved an 18% increase in profit, 39% reduction in absenteeism and 59% less product loss. To wit, as the consuming population age, people and the business make sense of retail and business providers follow such a pattern – experience and wisdom.   Further, the initiative impacts much of the human resources functions of ensuring an effective and strategic workforce diversification with respect to age. Unfortunately, what are much needed to be combated upon are not pension schemes or government financial distribution but the prejudice of the society and the inclination to recruit based on outdated stereotypes.   Employment prejudice too may be placed on the equal opportunity in employment and flexible work arrangement as well as health benefits that would probably be provided by the employers and companies. Instead of becoming overly-dependent to social security assistance, it was found out that Hong Kong generally prefer to work for longer time in order to save more. Such effort purports the capability to finance old-age expenses.   For Hong Kong’s economic growth, the implications would be the challenges to transform perceptions on aging to constructive ones including areas of reduced labour force and hence sustained labour productivity gain. Public finances as a major concern was even exacerbated by already complex tax base problem. Social welfares and health as well as old-age related public expenditures and other spending items such as retraining and continuing professional education are other concerns.   4. Theoretical Model   In this paper, the researcher will adapt the research process “onion” only it will modify terms. That is to come to the core of the implications of extending the retirement age in management; this policy paper will follow the essence of using such model.   Towards addressing the main objective of the paper which is the Retirement Age Extension Policy, the protocol will be in four phases. The first phase will be agenda setting and consensus-building, policy formulation as the second phase, closely followed by policy implementation at the third and policy evaluation at the last phase. The center of this model is focus on the impact of the policy in various management practices in different industries and sectors in Hong Kong business.   5. Building and Implementing Retirement Age Extension Policy   Prior to the implementation of the Retirement Age Extension Policy, there are several procedures and activities that must be undertaken. First, there must be a clear agenda. A clear agenda will govern the entire process of creating, establishing, implementing, monitoring and reporting of the Retirement Age Extension Policy while also involving all interested parties such as the Hong Kong Retirement Scheme Association, the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority as well as employers and sector representatives for example. It is important to note that council members have no power acting alone and so the issue of extending the retirement age must be put in public agenda.     Shared perception is the secret of effectively responding to problems that must be solved, issues that must be resolved and also realizing opportunities. Existing conditions provide a reference point as compared to necessary actions. Hence, the task of documenting of existing conditions within the policy-making process is but vital. Further, documents will be as the basis for budgeting.      For starters, different means will be used. These are: legal in the form of Hong Kong government and Courts; administrative that will issue regulatory orders; legislative that will propose a change in the law; negotiation or bringing all the parties together; political which will create an alliance with the Chief Executive; press which will feed the media and the general public with adequate information on the progress and inertia that will drive its own momentum (Diagram 1).     Secondly, there were no policies to succeed if there is no support from the top. Hong Kong government structure is made up of executive, administrative and legislative councils along with district councils and judiciary. Achieved through consensus, their participation are critical for providing inputs and some sort of approval regarding the Retirement Age Extension Policy.   Under this procedure, there would be the possibility of creating a committee that will serve to be the overseers of the whole process and as suggested, it must come from the senior leadership so that s/he will become the documenting and reporting force before the Chief Executive accompanied by subject matter experts, potential users of the policy and representatives from groups which will be affected by the said policy. This committee can make recommendations depending on the impact of the policy and also ensure its viability and legitimacy.   This policy-making body will be guided by the core principles (Mitchell) that follow:   1) Politicians and public servants are accountable to the public.   2) In politics and the private sector, elites hold no right to pursue their without constraints.   3) Apart from being responsive to public concerns, government bureaucratic and decision-processes must be open, accessible and transparent.   4) Individuals and communities that are affected by the policy have the right to information regarding proposed developments, the right to challenge the need for and the design of policies and the right to be involved in planning and decision-making processes.     Thirdly, the committee shall formulate the contents of the Retirement Age Extension Policy. The policy should include a clear statement of purpose that is well-understood by everybody, description of the communities affected, history of revisions (if necessary), definitions of special terms and specific policy instructions designed by the committee and approved by the Chief Executive. Moreover, the language of the policy must be always in layman and hence necessary to incorporate catch-all clauses.   Fourthly, it is the committee’s task to prepare the budget for implementing the Retirement Age Extension Policy. As such, the implementation must follow the protocols of setting-up fiscal targets and the levels of expenditure; formulating expenditure policies; allocating resources; and addressing operational efficiency and performance issues.   After setting up all the processes of making the Retirement Age Extension Policy as well as the budgeting, and including decision-making from the Chief Executive’s office, comes the implementation phase. The implementation of public policies is the most visible and obvious part of the policy-making process and thus comes the responsibility to continually make the people aware through monitoring and eventually reporting.   Finally, the committee shall effectively communicate not just with the concerned people but also on the general public. However, this may not be easy since there are communication barriers. At the very least, there would be the need to make sure that the different methodologies, procedures, data analysis and projections used by the committee are compatible and harmonized and that different employers and companies or firms are committed to deliver initiatives for the committee to report and be communicated for the Hong Kong populace.     The most plausible solution would be the development of indicators. The committee must generate criteria for the selection of indicators. For the Retirement Age Extension policy for example, this would be the clear definition and common understanding, are policy relevant, soundly founded, well-documented, of known quality, transparent, comparable and easily available.   The governing and likewise implementing entities of the Retirement Age Extension Policy are:   A) Task Force on Population Policy   Inaugurated on July 1, 2002, the Task Force is responsible for ensuring the development of comprehensive population policies. It was set-up by the Chief Secretary for Administration which he chaired along with the members from various bureaux and departments.     2) Hong Kong Retirement Scheme Association (HKSRA)   Formed in 1996, HKSRA acts as an authoritative body within the retirement protection industry. Their responsibility includes promotion of the best practices for different stakeholders involved with retirement schemes, increase awareness regarding retirement protection issues, promote professional education and training in retirement protection, assist in building and promoting the region as the center for excellence when it comes to retirement protection and maintain contact6 in China and Macau and promote awareness in financial protection.   3) Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority (MPFA)   MPFA has an important role on the financial security of the retiring population through ensuring that provision of retirement protection by means of effective and efficient system of prudential regulation and supervision of privately-managed provident fund schemes.   4) Commission on Strategic Development   The Commission is under the maintenance and supervision of the Central Policy Unit. Established two years ago by the Chief Executive, the Commission on Strategic Development aimed at developing various recommendation for national population policy.   4. Appendices   Table 1 Median Age of Economically-Active Population in Hong Kong (Source: Census and Statistics Department, 1991, p. 51)     Diagram 1 Different Means Toward the Implementation of Retirement Age Extension Policy                                                                           Diagram 2 Policymaking Process for Retirement Age Extension Policy     5. Bibliography               An overview of Key Population Policy (Part II): Major Issues on Ageing and Eligibility and Portability of Public Benefits. (2006). Commission on Strategic Development and Committee on Social Development and Quality of Life.   Census and Statistics Department. (1991). Hong Kong 1991 Population Census: Summary Results. Hong Kong: Census Planning Section, Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong.   Local Government Policy-Making Process. (1999). Report No. 45 – Municipal Research and Services Center.   Mitchell, B. (n.d.). Policy-Making Process.   Ngok, L. & Lam, A. (1994). Professional and Continuing Education in Hong Kong: Issues and Perspectives. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.     Policy-Making Process, The. (2000). Retrieved on 26 March 2008 from http://web.mit.edu/tpp.11/www/Tobacco_Policy_Analysis_revised.ppt#256,1,The Policy-Making Process.   Singapore, Hong Kong and Inadequate Pension Plans. (2007). Asia Sentinel. Retrieved on 26 March 2008 from http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=669&Itemid=32.

Extension of the Retirement Age in Hong Kong

REPORT OUTLINE Date: 26 March 2008 Title: ...