Research Korner: Rationale of the Study

Stress in Juvenile Detention Officers

Stress in Juvenile Detention Officers   Research Problem             The research will investigate stress arising in the domain of work and family as reported by juvenile detention officers. The work-family interface has received little attention in workers such as detention officers in stress research, therefore the present study aims to investigate work and family stress among juvenile detention officers.   Statement of the Problem             The study will investigate self-reported stress among juvenile detention officers in the domain of work and family.   Purpose of the Study             The aim of the study is to (1) identify the major work and family stressors among juvenile detention officers; (2) identify the impacts of work and family stress on the job performance of juvenile detention officers; (3) identify the impacts of work and family stress on the family life of juvenile detention officers; and (4) explore the impacts that work and family stress have on each other.   Research Questions             The study aims to investigate on the issue of work and life stress among juvenile detention officers. It aims to answer the following questions: 1. What are the major work and family stressors among juvenile detention officers? 2. What are the impacts of work and family stressors on the job performance of juvenile detention officers? 3. What are the impacts of work and family stress on the family life of juvenile detention officers? 4. What are the impacts that work and family stress have on each other?   Rationale, Relevance and Significance of the Study             Stress is believed to be a part of human life. Adults suffer from stress. There are a plethora of studies that point at the workplace and the home as the primary sources of stress. As stress may arise both in the work and family domains, then it is logical to expect that stressors may have cumulative effect and that stress in the work environment may impact on stress in the home environment, and vice versa.             The present study will be of relevance and significance to detention facility managers and human resource departments as it may provide illumination of the various stressors that impact the performance of detention officers. It will be of considerable contribution to the area of Human Resource Management particularly Health and Safety as the study intends to investigate the impacts of stress on the family-life and work-life of detention officers.     Theoretical Framework             Work-family research have been divided into work-family conflict (work interfering with family) and family-work conflict (family interfering with work). Different types of spillover have been identified across the work and family domains: (a) negative spillover from work to family; (b) positive spillover from work to family; (c) negative spillover from family to work; and (d) positive spillover from family to work (Williams and Alliger 1994). The study will flow in the similar vein with the intention to discuss both work stress and family stress and investigate on spillover.   Research Design             The study will make use of qualitative research design. The qualitative research design often involves a merging together of various data collection strategies. It is flexible and elastic, capable of adjusting to what is being learned during the course of data collection. The qualitative research design tends to be holistic, striving for an understanding of the whole and it requires researchers to become intensely involved.             According to Newman and Benz (1998), a qualitative research involves an interpretative, naturalistic approach of the subject matter. Qualitative research is about studying things in their natural settings. A researcher conducting qualitative research attempts to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meaning people bring to them. Qualitative research involves different methods of gathering and collecting of empirical materials such as case study personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactions, and visual texts.   Data Collection Procedure             The primary mode of data collection is survey. The sample will be drawn from different juvenile detention facilities. The researchers will coordinate with the management of these detention facilities and will ask for permission to include detention officers in the study. Once the management gives permission, one of the researchers will attend a staff meeting where the purpose of the study will be explained and questionnaires will be distributed.   Analysis Procedure             In order to assess the perceived work and family stress among juvenile detention officers, The 10-item form of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (see appendix) by Cohen et al (1983) will be used. The PSS will be used to measure the degree to which situations in one’s life are perceived as stressful. Participants will be asked to indicate how often they felt or thought a certain way during the last month. Items will e answered using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often).               In order to investigate on the sources of work and family stress, the researchers will device two questions that will require the participants to rate sources of work and family stress on a scale of 0 (not stressful) to 7 (extremely stressful).  To explore specific stressors in the work and family  contexts, two open-ended questions will ask participants to indicate the greatest source of work stress and the greatest source of family stress that they had experiences during the last month.             In order to investigate on stress spillover, the researchers will include to questions asking participant to indicate the extent to which work stress impacted in home and the extent to which home stress impacted on work. These will be answered using a 0 (not at all) to 7 (very much) scale.   Limitations to the Study             One of the researchers’ perceived limitations of the study is the likelihood that the individuals who are experiencing more stress may not complete and return the questionnaire. Therefore, the levels of stress found may not be an accurate reflection of those in the intended population.             Another perceived limitation of the study is the use of self-report measure. Self-report measures are subject to problems of memory and language ambiguity. There is also a possibility of measurement biases, for example a participant may not report his work as being stressful for fear of such comments may affect their relationship with the management.     References Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. Newman, I. and Benz, C. R. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Williams, K.J. and Alliger, G.M. (1994). Role Stressors, Mood Spillover, and Perceptions of Work-Family Conflict in Employed Parents. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 837-868.     Appendix

Stress in Juvenile Detention Officers

Stress in Juvenile Detention Officers Research Problem The research will investigate stress arising in the domain of wor...

Reflections From The Epic of Gilgamesh

Introduction             Dominance and subordination is synonymous to leader-follower scheme wherein the relationship is ideal to obtain the performance of one another’s societal functions in an effective and efficient manner.  The dominant imparts its decision-making and problem solving capabilities to uphold the welfare of people.  In return, subordinates serve the former and follow its conquest that precipitate to loyalty and respect.  The president who is widely respected by the citizenry, a husband who is loved and cared by his wife, and professors who are idolized by students are few of some dominance-subordination design in the society.             To determine such relationship is one thing, to verify the cause and extent of its existence is another.  On top of these is its purpose and implications to social order.  By analyzing the characters, their actions and their aspirations from “The Epic of Gilgamesh”, resolutions to the phenomenon can be settled and questions will be answered. Pillars of Social Order                   Because Gilgamesh has a “one-third man, two-third God” identity that resulted to super-natural strength, courage and “beauty”, he was basically known as a hero, and ultimately a king of.  For his part, he should maintain his dominance and show his capability to rule on a regular basis to retain the status quo.  This is exemplified through his stand against, challenge to demon-like and brawl against Bull of Heaven (50) that was all proclaimed victory across his name.  Every triumph was regarded a signal of competence and enduring dominance.  However, being a king who possess of powers, ill-effects of abusing it (xix) was inevitable.  But the extent of the abuse did not outweigh the extent of dominance, and so, continuing the order.  Distant from the tendencies to abuse power, Gilgamesh has a number of virtues like self-discipline (scoring marriage from Ishtar) (50) and camaraderie  which strengthened his right to rule.             The features of the main character in the epic are compatible to run a city which was regulated by deities.  The people are at peace that their kingdom will not be easily penetrated by warfare or profoundly cursed by gods.  They can rely to Gilgamesh to do the fighting to outsiders or negotiating to gods as the need arise.  They can focus more on household requirements like livelihood, raising children and develop the local economy.  With this, social order was met.  Thinking of the reverse, when people are equal in power and homogenous in status without the guide of a ruler and an established kingdom, they are highly vulnerable to threats from the outside and the gods would curse without mercy.  Civilization could be slowly attained because people are limited in their aspirations of development knowing that instability and lack of direction could annihilate their efforts in an instant.             This drive to subordination as determinant of social order, however, was partially shaken by Enkindu who hated the abusive side of Gilgamesh that ignited a collision.  Even Enkindu was lost in the confrontation, the conflict emphasized that dominance should be directed strictly to good purpose alone.  This showed that even a human from the wild is bounded to guard the acts of the ruler to assure that a certain social order does not result to ill-effects like the abusive tendencies of the dominant.  It also exemplified that the dominant-subordinate system would tend to adjust when roles of one another go beyond the rationale behind the creation of the system and deprived the other of substantial power or freedom.  Being the goddess of love, Ishtar retaliated against the refused marriage (50) she initiated partly because it is a deviation from the norm opposite her known status.  Also, the wife of Utanapishtim demonstrated this friction when she urged her husband and succeeded to reward the hardship of Gilgamesh (96) --- apart from the inherent subordination of women.                 The extent and implications of subordination was also enormous in the story.  The decision of the Council of Gods to impose a death verdict to, who had less initiative and participation to the conquest relative to Gilgamesh, illustrated that subordination can justify sacrifice on the part of a subordinate, even its life, to sustain the relative crucial role of the king in the society.  On the other hand, loyal (Utanapishtim) and valuable (Gilgamesh) subordinates in relation to its dominant ruler (Gods) would reward the former by sparing its life and renewing its glory (like Shamash intervention (40) in favor of Gilgamesh against Humbaba) or even bestow eternal life (96) (like Utanapishtim and his wife).                       Further, the subordination of women to sexual needs of men in the epic evidenced that such could be also used to achieve an end aside from the peripheral goal of obtaining the system, as in the case of the trapper’s use of harlot (2) to expel from the endowments of the wild.  In the stance of ferry-based servant, subordination meant less security in terms of tenure particularly means of living. The epic is largely immersed to the dominance of partly-god stature of Gilgamesh.  However, his crown was regulated by the full-blooded gods specifically the Council of Gods.  He had lost bargaining capacity and tamed as a subordinate when his first-ever close friend, as on the verge of death (68) and he had nothing to do to prevent it.    His dominance was eclipsed by the gods who provided guidance and protection to him to continue his reign, and ultimately, the order in the kingdom. In every chapter of the epic, the dominance of gods over men and non-pure gods seemed to be the greatest impediment for Gilgamesh to optimally celebrate the fruits of his dominance over people.  However, the revealing fact of mortality and death seemed to be an overlapping factor behind his vulnerability.  He took much pain and sacrifice to seek the key to immortality.  In the process, he submitted himself to some extent of subordination to eternal life (82, 96).  Although he utilized his status and dominance through self-proclamation to Siduri and Urshanabi , the motive was aimed to immortality and his submission to it.  Due to the blazing desire to end personal subordination of a mortal to death, he underwent the test of Utanapishtim  without doubting of possible deception.  Frustrated, the failed quest confined him back to dominating stance again.  However, this move took away the consolation prize of achieving youth rejuvenation.  The suspicion in the effectiveness of the consolation ended him going home empty-handed.  Chapter 11 of the epic implied that such was an unwise thinking coming from an experienced warrior, celebrated hero and notable king.                                                .  Conclusion              The social order in the epic was achieved through establishing levels of hierarchy in the society.  Subordination, in the likes of Enkindu and his kind including the rest of the people, resulted to ordinary people’s submission of some of their practices under the rule, decision and scrutiny of Gilgamesh because of his domineering attributes.  On the other hand, his rule is neither absolute nor universal as deities are on top of the social system.  This dominance was enforced and permitted to happen, albeit of his partly god status, primarily because of immortality demarcation.  It limits the scope of dominance not only of Gilgamesh but also all mortals when speaking of their subordination.  Dominant and subordinate individuals alike have similar bottom-line, which is death.  This provides disincentive to the ruler to abuse his power aside from good cause and remind him that such wrong doing would not last for a long time because of limitation in life.  On the other hand, people would tend to respect the ruler’s decision and abide the kingdom’s development projects to maximize their existence in the world and help improve the status of civilization keeping in mind that time ticks away from every crime or rebellion they would ensue against a fair dominant and elite.  Social order is thus seen thorough the mutual understanding and accepted vulnerability of the actors in the society giving rise to peace, and ultimately, prosperity.                    Before ending, it is fitting to quote a character in the Asian movie “Hero” which stated, “All under heaven.”  According to the story, these three words transformed the then vicious imperial army to exercise non-violent and non-fatal way of conquering lands, and eventually, meeting the kingdom’s endeavor and achieving its ends.  Finally, being dominant, subordinate and mortal keeps everyone in social order and live each lives to fullest enjoyment.  However, to install abusive and rebellious acts to power or solicited inferiority will lead to disorder and doom of a society.

Reflections From The Epic of Gilgamesh

Introduction Dominance and subordination is synonymous to leader-follower scheme wherein the relationship is...

The Effect of Country of Origin on Dubai's Market Research Proposal Paper

The Effect of Country of Origin on Dubai's Market   Objectives The researcher seeks to investigate the effect of the concept of “country of origin” (COO) in the market of Dubai. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions: 1.    What is the importance of COO image? 2.    What contributes to the formation of CO images? 3.    How can CO images be measured? 4.    What is the nature of each facet of COO? 5.    What is the contribution of each facet to the overall image? 6.    How salient is CO image in shaping attitudes and behavior toward specific products and brands and in affecting choice behavior, both in absolute terms and relative to other marketing stimuli? Brief Rationale Country of origin (CO) is a potentially powerful image variable that can be used to gain competitive advantage in international marketing. However, deficiencies in the definition and measurement of its facets have contributed to ineffective and infrequent use of CO image as competitive tool. Country-of-origin (CO) image refers to "buyers' opinions regarding the relative qualities of goods and services produced in various countries" (Bilkey 1993, p. xix). Among the image variables in the international advertiser's toolkit, the CO variable is conceivably the most potent if skillfully applied. Papadopoulos (1993, p. xxi) asks rhetorically, "It is often said that brand names like 'McDonald's' are worth millions. If so, how many billions is Germany's image worth?" A few authors have questioned the magnitude of importance of CO image in affecting choice behavior (Ettenson, Wagner, and Gaeth 1988; Johansson 1989; Johansson, Douglas, and Nonaka 1985), but most acknowledge its salience in overall product evaluation and as a proxy for other, more intrinsic, qualities (Han and Terpstra 1988; Yoo 1992). Internationally, CO serves as a useful extrinsic cue and as a surrogate for difficult-to-evaluate intrinsic characteristics such as quality and performance because consumers tend to be less familiar with foreign than with domestic products (Huber and McCann 1982; Olson 1977). Han and Terpstra (1988, p. 236) claim, "It has been found that all products originating in foreign countries are subject to country-of-origin [image] effects." Han (1990, p. 24) further states that CO-image studies in general show that consumers have significantly different general perceptions about products made in different countries. Hooley, Shipley, and Krieger (1988, p. 67) asserted that international marketers need to understand these [CO] images as they relate both to their own, and to their competitors' products. Specifically, they will need to determine whether such images are positive or negative, whether and how they affect behavior, and how they can be catered to in the marketing strategy. Yet, few multinational marketers and advertisers make full use of their products' favorable CO image or successfully overcome the liability associated with an unfavorable one. Several reasons may account for the relative neglect of CO image as a competitive tool. First, the CO variable is culture-laden, and most managers are inadequately trained to address cultural issues despite significant research indicating that multinational marketing strategy is ill-served if cultural and perceptual differences among countries are not properly comprehended and heeded (Harris 1984; Kale 1991). Second, translating CO images into marketing communication opportunities is difficult because the relationship between the brand and its country of origin is potentially more distant than the relationship between the brand and its firm, store, or advertising. Third, Zinkhan and his colleagues' observations about what constitutes effective measures for image manifestations and their current state of development are equally applicable to CO image measures (Dobni and Zinkhan 1990; Johnson and Zinkhan 1990; Villanova, Zinkhan, and Hyman 1990).   Hypothesis The researcher intends to investigate the implications of country of origin principles of buying behavior among the consumers in the country of Dubai. This study intends to prove the following hypothesis: “The concept of country of origin has no significant effect on the consumer behavior in the Dubai Market.”   Main empirical method This study will be using a case study technique to isolate the occurrence of country of origin concept, particularly in the country of Dubai. The study will employ the descriptive research method, which uses observation and surveys. In this method, it is possible that the study would be cheap and quick. It could also suggest unanticipated hypotheses. Nonetheless, it would be very hard to rule out alternative explanations and especially infer causations. Thus, this study will use the descriptive approach.  This descriptive type of research will utilize observations in the study.  To illustrate the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) will guide the researcher when he stated: Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition.  The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena. The researcher opted to use this kind of research considering the desire of the researcher to obtain first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study. The research described in this document is partly based on quantitative research methods. This permits a flexible and iterative approach. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This allows investigation of important new issues and questions as they arise, and allows the investigators to drop unproductive areas of research from the original research plan. This study also employs qualitative research method, since this research intends to find and build theories that would explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through qualitative elements in research. These qualitative elements does not have standard measures, rather they are behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs. Furthermore, as we define the qualitative research it is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Accordingly, qualitative researchers deploy a wide range of interconnected methods, hoping always to get a better fix on the subject matter at hand.   Techniques The general population for this study will be composed of randomly selected product consumers in Dubai numbering ninety (90). The researcher shall also conduct interviews to economists and market researchers in order to acquire an expert opinion regarding the country of origin concept in Dubai.   TIMETABLE 	 		 		 		TASK 		 		Month 		 	 	 		 		 		  		 		 		1st 		 		 		2nd 		 		 		3rd 		 		 		4th 		 		 		5th 		 		 		6th 		 		 		7th 		 		 		8th 		 		 		9th 	 	 		 		 		Select topic 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Undertake preliminary literature search 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		<ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Define research 			questions</li> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Write-up aims and 			objectives</li> 		</ul> 		 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Select appropriate methodology and locate sources of 		information. Confirm access. 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Write-up Dissertation Plan 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Undertake and write-up draft critical literature 		review. 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Secondary and Primary Data Detailed 		<ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Sources</li> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Consulted</li> 		</ul> 		 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Research Findings: 		<ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Analyzed</li> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Evaluated</li> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Written-up</li> 		</ul> 		 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Discussion: 		<ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Research findings 			evaluated and discussed in relation to the literature review</li> 		</ul> 		 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Methodology written-up 		 		(including limitations and constraints) 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Main body of the report written-up and checked 		for logical structure 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		<ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Conclusions 			drawn</li> 			<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> 			Recommendations 			made</li> 		</ul> 		 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Introduction and Executive Summary written-up 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Final format and indexing 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	 	 		 		 		Print 		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  		 		 		  	     References: Bilkey, Warren J. (1993), "Foreword," in Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing, Nicolas Papadopoulos and Louise A. Heslop, eds., New York: International Business Press, xix-xx. Creswell, J.W. (1994) Research design. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Dobni, Dawn and George M. Zinkhan (1990), "In Search of Brand Image: A Foundation Analysis," in Advances in Consumer Research, 17, Marvin E. Goldberg, Gerald Gorn, and Richard W. Pollay, eds., Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 110-119. Ettenson, Richard, Janet Wagner, and Gary Gaeth (1988), "Evaluating the Effect of Country of Origin and the 'Made in USA' Campaign: A Conjoint Approach," Journal of Retailing, 64 (Spring), 85-100. Han, C. Min (1990), "Testing the Role of Country Image in Consumer Choice Behavior," European Journal of Marketing, 24 (6), 24-40. Han, C. Min., & Vern Terpstra. 1988. Country-of-origin effects for uni-national and bi-national products. Journal of International Business Studies, 19 (2): 235-55. Harris, G. (1984), "The Globalization of Advertising," International Journal of Advertising, 3 (August), 223-234. Hooley, G. J., David Shipley, and Nathalie Krieger (1988), "A Method for Modelling Consumer Perceptions of Country of Origin," International Marketing Review, 5 (Autumn), 67-76. Huber, Joel and John McCann (1982), "The Impact of Inferential Beliefs on Product Evaluations," Journal of Marketing Research, 19 (August), 324-333. Johansson, Johny K. (1989), "Determinants and Effects of the Use of 'Made In' Labels," International Marketing Review, 6 (January), 47-58. Johansson, Johny K., Susan P. Douglas, and Ikujiro Nonaka (1985), "Assessing the Impact of Country Of Origin on Product Evaluations: A New Methodological Perspective," Journal of Marketing Research, 22 (November), 388-396. Johnson, Madeline and George M. Zinkhan (1990), "Defining and Measuring Company Image," in Developments in Marketing Science, 13, B. J. Dunlap, ed., New Orleans, LA: Academy of Marketing Science, 346-350. Kale, Sudhir H. (1991), "Culture-Specific Marketing Communications: An Analytical Approach," International Marketing Review, 8 (2), 18-30. Olson, Jerry C. (1977), "Price as an Informational Cue: Effects on Product Evaluations," in Consumer and Industrial Buying Behavior, Arch G. Woodside, Jagdish N. Sheth, and Peter D. Bennett, eds., Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 267-286. Papadopoulos, Nicolas (1993), "What Product and Country Images Are and Are Not," in Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing, Nicolas Papadopoulos and Louise A. Heslop, eds., New York: International Business Press, 3-38. Villanova, Lisa, George M. Zinkhan, and Michael R. Hyman (1990), "On Defining and Measuring Store Image," in Developments in Marketing Science, 13, B. J. Dunlap, ed., New Orleans, LA: Academy of Marketing Science, 346-350. Yoo, Yangjin (1992), "Country of Origin Effect: The New Conceptualization and Alternative Models," in Enhancing Knowledge Development in Marketing, 3: 1992 AMA Educators' Proceedings, Robert P. Leone and V. Kumar, eds., Chicago: American Marketing Association, 28-35.

The Effect of Country of Origin on Dubai's Market Research Proposal Paper

The Effect of Country of Origin on Dubai's Market Objectives The researcher seeks to investigate the effect of the concept of ...

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