Research Korner

Editing Email

A) 5 E-mails samples enclosed   (Attached sample e-mail 1) From: Shipping - Teleshop Ltd[SMTP:SHIPPING@TELESHOPLTD.COM] Sent: Thursday, May 08, 2008 10:48:26 AM To: info.china Subject: re:quoto the price frm Ningbo to north port, phillippines by 20' Auto forwarded by a Rule    	 		 		 		 		Teleshop Limited 		 		(Comet Group) 		 		(OEM 		Manufacturer and Exporter of As seen on TV and Novelty products) 		 		Unit 		1118 - 1119 Metro Centre II, 21 Lam Hing Street, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong.  		 		(Tel.: 		(852) 2872 8086  		 		 		Ê 		Fax.: 		(852) 2855 8511.*: 		 		 		shipping@teleshopltd.com 		 		 		We Can't Spell S_ccess Without "U" 	 Dear Sir/ Madam pls quoto the best price of captioned shpt & advise shipment schedule end ofMay If you required any further information please let us know. Thank you With best regards Polly (Shipping Dept.) This e-mail message is intended for  the addressee(s) and contains information that may be confidential. If you are not the intended recipient please do not read, save, forward, disclose, or copy the contents of this e-mail. If this e-mail has been sent to you in error, please delete this e-mail.                             (Attached sample e-mail 2) 发件人: wing.jim@panalpina.com [mailto:wing.jim@panalpina.com] 发送时间: 2008年8月5日 12:28 收件人: HKG Jim Wing 主题: BL   <BL NO:  HKG769453   SHIPPER:   GUANGZHOU JIANHAO HEADWEAR MFG.LTD   ********************************   #22 LIYE ROAD DONGCHONG TOWN PANYU   <PANTAINER BILL OF LADING DRAFT>   GUANGDONG PROVINCE P.R.CHINA         ********************************                                          EXPORT REF:   CONSIGNEE:   AMERICA LTDA   AVDA PAJARITOS 3051 ST   MAIPU-SANTIAGO CHILE  NOTIFY:  SAME AS CONSIGNEE  PRE-CARRIAGE BY:     PLACE OF RECEIPT:                                             PANALPINA CHILE TRANSPORTES   VESSEL:VOY85116E     PORT OF LOADING:     MUNDIALES LTDA.  ANDREAS                HONG KONG            CATEDRAL 1009, PISO 14 PO Box   PORT OF DISCHARGE:   PLACE OF DELIVERY:   292-V   VALPARAISO / CHILE                        SANTIAGO CHILE   MARKS AND NUMBERS   QUANT PACKAGE  DESCRIPTION OF GOODS     G.WEIGHT   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------   Thanks/Regards, Wing Jim Document Processing Export-Ocean (Various), Bussiness Unit HKG Top Floor, ATL Logistics Center B, Berth 3, Kwai Chung, Hong Kong  Direct:    +852   27602758                   Fax:       +852   21954825                         (Attached sample e-mail 3)   From: PAC Rueble Antje On Behalf Of PAC Frommherz Thomas Sent: Friday, July 25, 2008 22:32 To: All Regional CEO; ALL Regional Heads of Operations; ALL Regional Heads Marketing & Sales; All Regional Heads of Procurement Airfreight; All Regional Heads of Finance; All Finance Managers; AMEC All Head of Operations; APAC All Head of Operations; NORAM All Area Heads of Operations; LATAM Head of OPs Area; Europe All Area Heads of Operation; CN-TW All Head of Operations; AMEC All Head of Marketing & Sales; APAC All Head of Marketing & Sales; NORAM All Heads of Marketing & Sales; LATAM All Heads of Marketing & Sales; RC CN-TW Reiter Robert; All Managing Directors WW; PAC Europe All Heads Of Marketing & Sales Cc: PAC Moeckli Renate; PAC Frommherz Thomas; PAC Krieg Mike; PAC Frei Robert; PAC PAO Baumgartner Peter; PAC PAO Meier Wolfgang; PAC PAO Frommenwiler Andreas; PAC PAO Lutz Daniel; PAC Weilbaecher Stefan; PAC Wieringa Ferwin; PAC Claessens Peter; PAC Hoffman Steve; STR Ouissi Sandra; PAC Denk Guenther; PAC Schmiedel Ulrich; PAC Wiesel Gesine; PAC Soukmandjiev Kaloian; PAC Fusco Evelina; PAC Ciello Pasquale; PAC Stebler Urs Jr.; PAC Jahn Uwe Subject: Gateway Fee   Dear Stefan,   Thank you!   Best regards, Thomas Frommherz                            (Attached smaple e-mail 4) From: logisticsbriefing@transportintelligence.com] Sent: Friday, August 29, 2008 3:37 AM To: HKG Kwong Eric Subject: Major fraud uncovered at Schenker in Belgium Dear Eric, Compliance officers from the anti-corruption team of parent company Deutsche Bahn (DB) are investigating incorrect accruals allegedly going back several years and involving tens of millions of euros. According to some media reports, those sums are as large as €40-50m, based on initial estimates. Schenker NV comprises operations in seven Belgian locations, with its main office being in Antwerp. DB chief compliance officer Wolfgang Schaupensteiner said: "Management personnel in Antwerp have to explain to us what happened to unaccounted amounts in the double-digit millions, in a case that took place over a longer period of time." The issue is an embarrassment for DB, occurring just months before the company's planned IPO (Initial Public Offering) which will involve the flotation of approximately 25% of the stock of its rail (passenger and freight) and logistics subsidiary DB Mobility Logistics AG. According to DB, the incident is already fully reflected in DB Mobility Logistics' figures for the first half of 2008. Norbert Bensel, head of DB Schenker, which is responsible for the Transportation and Logistics division of DB Mobility Logistics, stated that: "Our customers are not affected in any way by the damages that were incurred. We stand for zero tolerance, regardless of the function, status or position of the person concerned within the organisation." DB Schenker spokesmen said the role of specific individuals in the fraud was still being investigated. However, media reports suggest that Schenker Deutschland's head of finance, who is also responsible for Belgium, will leave the company at the end of August. Such a move would follow a number of senior executive changes in the organisation over the last few months. In July, it was announced that effective September 1, Hansjoerg Rodi would take over as CEO and chairman of the board of Schenker Deutschland, replacing Hans-Joerg Hager, who left the company at the end of June. Meanwhile, at Schenker AG, Thomas Lieb was promoted to chairman of the board, on July 1, while also remaining responsible for the air and ocean freight divisions, as well as for the Asia Pacific and America regions. With best regards, Andreas Wolff Transport Intelligence Ltd Brinkworth House, Brinkworth Wiltshire, SN15 5DF United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1793 850 025 Fax: +44 (0)870 460 2165           (Attached sample e-mail 5) From: HKG Yip Patrick Sent: Thursday, August 21, 2008 5:28 PM To: MOW Minkina Katja Cc: HKG Tam Fanny Subject: According to our phone conversation, we're still waiting comment from shpr.   Patrick Yip Supervisor - Customer Service Export Oceanfreight, Hong Kong Business Unit, Panalpina China Ltd. Top Floor ATL Logistics Centre B Berth 3 Kwai Chung Container Terminal, Hong Kong Phone: +852 27602600 Direct Line :  +852 27602472 Direct Fax : +852  21954890 E-mail : patrick.yip@panalpina.com               B) The major drawbacks for each e-mail   Business communications are including, person meeting, phone conversation, voice mail, fax and e-mail, yet e-mail is nowadays the most common way to supplement traditional forms in business communication. However, e-mails lacks of the nonverbal communication that no tone or body language to make us understand each other. It depends on what and how you use words through the writing.  Here below are some major drawbacks for each above enclosed e-mail samples: Mistake for sample e-mail 1: - Not re-reading before you hit 'send' The sample 1 got the grammatical mistake in spelling. By reading the e-mail over before sending out, it can be caught and corrected all sorts of mistakes before they get to the recipient and possibly create a bad impression of company   Mistake for sample e-mail 2: - Lack of a clear request Sample 2, it seems to be a kind of information that for recipient reference. However, it’s just pasted on the email content but no any clear requests in email. "Is it an FYI or do I need to do something?" Senders should be clearly defined and have a timeframe attached to recipient or any necessary information.  If email isn't a request then it’d better to label it an FYI. Mistake for sample e-mail 3: - CC to the world Courtesy copy (cc) others. This leads not only to traffic jams in others' in-boxes, but in the worst case, defamation, and in the best case, hurt feelings. When writing e-mail, only cc those parties that are directly related to the situation or email message. For the case in sample 4, it’s just a word of Thank you. It doesn’t need to cc to all people.   Mistake for sample e-mail 4: - Assuming people have time to read your entire message Sample 5, writing content is too long, to be most effective, whenever possible, e-mail messages should contain all the most pertinent and important data in the first paragraph. Most of us have a short attention when reading from screen and if we know where the message is going, it's easy to save time and move onto the next message without having read the nugget of information buried in the last paragraph. It should keep emails as short as possible. Of course, this is not to mean to cut messages. But it should write something necessary and appropriate. It is more important for business emails to be succinct. Mistake for sample e-mail 5: - Forgetting about the importance of etiquette Sample 3 which is missing the appropriate opening and closing. No matter how rushed  on you, to create a positive impression by using an opening and closing (for example, Dear Miss Katja or Regards, Patrick Yip), using a clear and descriptive subject line are essential in email. C) Good practice of e-mail writing Here below are some important rules of email etiquette on business communication finding out from internet 1.      A first impression is lasting: E-mail's ease of use has allowed us a bit of leeway in our day-to-day communication. Nonetheless you should ensure you have checked your spelling and grammar. Particularly in business messages - you want to build a trust with people and make them feel confident about your attention to detail, etc. (http://www.businessofemail.com/e_article000166223.cfm)   2.      Say it in the subject line: Have a short meaningful subject line – something that will give the recipient the ability to act on it in a timely manner, or prioritise it. (http://www.businessofemail.com/e_article000166223.cfm) 3.      Reply quickly to e-mails:  E-mail raises expectations for immediate action – try to reply as quickly as merits the e-mail. In the piles of missives, it’s easy to forget what your original message was, so quote a *part* of the sender's message in your reply e-mail, so they can be reminded what you're responding to. (http://www.businessofemail.com/e_article000166223.cfm) 4.      Never send uninvited attachments: Unless it’s a business colleague whom you’ve already corresponded with, and know what they can receive, ask intended recipients whether they accept attachments, and in what format. For one thing, you don't know if the recipient has the same software or even computer platform to accept your missives. Viruses are a serious issue, and attachments are a popular way to deliver them. Outside e-mails with attachments are often simply deleted in many businesses. (http://www.businessofemail.com/e_article000166223.cfm) 5.      Respect cultural differences: We live in a globalised world now; you must remember cultural differences and respect the customs of international clients. Respect your colleagues and business contacts: be formal in e-mails until you are confident that it is appropriate to adopt a more casual tone where appropriate. It's good practice to avoid informal writing that may offend, such as slang, bad language and nicknames. (http://www.businessofemail.com/e_article000166223.cfm) 6.      Don't e-mail when you're angry: It’s easy to misinterpret the 'tone' of an e-mail message. If you receive an e-mail that makes you see red, wait 24 hours before responding. Give the sender the benefit of the doubt, and respond in a courteous manner. More often than not the person did not intend to sound as harsh or off-putting as their message came across. (http://www.businessofemail.com/e_article000166223.cfm) 7.      Go easy on the CC, BCC and ‘Reply to all’: Don’t trap people on CC (carbon copy) lists, unless there is a protocol in your company on recipients. Review who should be copied, and who can do without. BCC (blind carbon copy) can be used for inappropriate reasons, such as copying in a boss, unbeknownst to a colleague. Think about using this e-mail function before using it. Also, don’t get trapped in the ‘reply to all’ – without paying attention you could think you are replying to one person on the list, but the selection of 'reply to all' means it goes out to everyone on the original CC list (can be a real ooops! - more often just unnecessary e-mails.)… (http://www.businessofemail.com/e_article000166223.cfm) 8.      Don't always use e-mail for your messages: With so many communication methods now available to us, it's important to remember to select the right one to convey your message. Face-to-face meetings have the most impact and e-mail has the narrowest communications bandwidth (no voice inflection, tone, etc.). It's hard enough to communicate successfully under the best of circumstances; an important or sensitive message should be done face to face. (http://www.businessofemail.com/e_article000166223.cfm) 9.     Keep Emails Short Long emails can look intimidating, and a long sequence of long paragraphs, possibly including long run-on sentences that do not seem to stop but do not seem to go anywhere either — sentences filled with extraneous words that add little to the meaning but serve to confuse with multifaceted and sometimes conflicting possible interpretations —, can make the recipient read less than if the message had been only, uh, about 3 sentences — three witty, concise and precise sentences — long. (http://email.about.com/od/emailnetiquette/tp/core_netiquette.htm) 10.  Punctuation Matters; in Emails Too Comma, colon, hyphen and semicolon — all exist for a reason: they make it easier to understand the intended meaning of a sentence.  How you say a sentence can carry a lot of its meaning. Which words you emphasize and when you briefly stop often alters the message expressed completely. In writing, punctuation carries much of this suggested interpretation of the mere words. If you omit it completely, alter it or place punctuation marks sloppily, the reader can be puzzled or, without much pondering, misinterpret misinterpret what you write all too easily. (http://email.about.com/od/emailnetiquette/tp/core_netiquette.htm) 11.  Writing in All Caps is Like Shouting When you write in all capital letters, this looks (and maybe sounds) to the recipient as if you were shouting. It is a strong effect, and it should remain one. Not only would it mean little when she shouted, it is also more difficult to understand somebody who shouts. Similarly, text in upper case is significantly more difficult to read than lower and mixed case text. (http://email.about.com/od/emailnetiquette/tp/core_netiquette.htm)   D) 5-e-mails rewriting   (Re-write e-mail 1) From: Shipping - Teleshop Ltd[SMTP:SHIPPING@TELESHOPLTD.COM] Sent: Thursday, May 08, 2008 10:48:26 AM To: info.china Subject: re:quoto the price frm Ningbo to north port, phillippines by 20' Auto forwarded by a Rule    	 		 		 		 		Teleshop Limited 		 		(Comet Group) 		 		(OEM 		Manufacturer and Exporter of As seen on TV and Novelty products) 		 		Unit 		1118 - 1119 Metro Centre II, 21 Lam Hing Street, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong.  		 		(Tel.: 		(852) 2872 8086  		 		 		Ê 		Fax.: 		(852) 2855 8511.*: 		 		 		shipping@teleshopltd.com 		 		 		We Can't Spell S_ccess Without "U" 	 Dear Sir/ Madam Kindly please quote the best price of captioned shpt & advise the shipment schedule Up to the end of May If you need any further information, please let us know. Thank you With best regards Polly Shipping Dept. This e-mail message is intended for  the addressee(s) and contains information that may be confidential. If you are not the intended recipient please do not read, save, forward, disclose, or copy the contents of this e-mail. If this e-mail has been sent to you in error, please delete this e-mail.    (Re-write e-mail 2) 发件人: HKG Jim Wing 发送时间: 2008年8月5日 12:28 收件人: Joeman_szeto@netvigator.com 主题: BL information attached                Dear Miss Szeto,   Kindly please find the below shipment pre-advice for your reference. please check and if you have any question or problem foresaid shipment, please don’t hesitate to contact me, thank you.   <BL NO:  HKG769453   SHIPPER:   GUANGZHOU JIANHAO HEADWEAR MFG.LTD   ********************************   #22 LIYE ROAD DONGCHONG TOWN PANYU   <PANTAINER BILL OF LADING DRAFT>   GUANGDONG PROVINCE P.R.CHINA         ********************************   EXPORT REF:   CONSIGNEE:   AMERICA LTDA   AVDA PAJARITOS 3051 ST   MAIPU-SANTIAGO CHILE  NOTIFY:  SAME AS CONSIGNEE  PRE-CARRIAGE BY:     PLACE OF RECEIPT:                                             PANALPINA CHILE TRANSPORTES   VESSEL:VOY85116E     PORT OF LOADING:     MUNDIALES LTDA.  ANDREAS                HONG KONG            CATEDRAL 1009, PISO 14 PO Box   PORT OF DISCHARGE:   PLACE OF DELIVERY:   292-V   VALPARAISO / CHILE                        SANTIAGO CHILE   MARKS AND NUMBERS   QUANT PACKAGE  DESCRIPTION OF GOODS     G.WEIGHT   --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thanks/Regards, Wing Jim Document Processing Export-Ocean (Various), Bussiness Unit HKG Top Floor, ATL Logistics Center B, Berth 3, Kwai Chung, Hong Kong Direct:    +852   27602758                   Fax:       +852   21954825                   (Re-write sample e-mail 3) From: PAC Rueble Antje On Behalf Of PAC Frommherz Thomas Sent: Friday, July 25, 2008 22:32 To: PAC Weilbaecher Stefan Subject: Gateway Fee   Dear Stefan,   Thank you!   Best regards, Thomas Frommherz      Re-write sample e-mail 4) From: Anonymous [mailto:logisticsbriefing@transportintelligence.com] Sent: Friday, August 29, 2008 3:37 AM To: HKG Kwong Eric Subject: Major fraud uncovered at Schenker in Belgium Dear Eric, Major fraud uncovered at Schenker in Belgium German global forwarder and logistics provider DB Schenker has discovered large-scale accounting fraud at Belgian subsidiary Schenker NV. Personnel movement occurred in the organization over the last few months. Should you want to know more details for such issue, please come to me, I’ll provide as much as I have to you. With best regards, Andreas Wolff Transport Intelligence Ltd Brinkworth House, Brinkworth Wiltshire, SN15 5DF, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1793 850 025 Fax: +44 (0)870 460 2165 (Re-write e-mail 5) From: HKG Yip Patrick Sent: Thursday, August 21, 2008 5:28 PM To: MOW Minkina Katja Cc: HKG Tam Fanny Subject: shipment ref. no.: PBL068853 Dear Minkina, According to our phone conversation with ref. No. PBL068853. We're still waiting comment from shipper about the shipment. We'll keep you informed about the status. Thank you.   Patrick Yip Supervisor - Customer Service Export Oceanfreight, Hong Kong Business Unit, Panalpina China Ltd. Top Floor ATL Logistics Centre B Berth 3 Kwai Chung Container Terminal, Hong Kong Phone: +852 27602600 Direct Line :  +852 27602472 Direct Fax : +852  21954890 E-mail : patrick.yip@panalpina.com           E) How to write effective e-mails   1. Double checking before sending out message With email, it should be double check carefully with everything on the message, in order to avoid misinterpretations is to use at least some minutes of rest after finished it before sending.  Reread and reconsider the whole message of the tone, the words I used etc., possibly from the recipient's perspective.   2. Do Not Default to "Reply All" To use “Reply All: properly, when the information/reply is important to all recipients or for the original sender and all people in the original e-mail’s to and Cc field, but not every single message. Never use “Reply All” for the message in saying “Thanks” personally, except make thanking everybody via a group mail.   3. Writing email in succinct Writing business emails to be succinct, to write something is necessary and appropriate. Long-winded sentence are not necessary. Fewer, clarity and simpler words are better If having much information that should be written in email, it’d better to break the message into several points with paragraphs, to begin each point with a concise summary that you request for action taken. Do not ever stick a whole message to be one paragraph.   4. Do not write in All Caps or in red color Mostly text in caps is more difficult to read.  When writing email in all capital letters, it is so difficult to read but also looks to the recipient as if sender were shouting. Writing in red color is also rude.  It should be used all caps sparingly and use some warm color and text in lower and mixed case to make recipient read the message easily and comfortably.   5. End Emails with "Thanks always say thanks at the end of mail no matter what the situation is. To end the message with a simple "thanks" that is never out of place. What is called “civility costs nothing” It’s the proper way to sign off the message.       F) Summary in editing the e-mails   In summarizing the emails, it is only important to include the necessary facts which includes the phone conversation, the person, the voice mail and the email. Thus, it is only important to re-read the email regarding these before hitting the send button which can cause bad image in going to the clients especially in the business areas. The correction of the spelling as well as the grammar is also important in doing the business emails. The clear request is also important for the recipient of the email. The message must also be properly analyze and properly determined. The time frame must also be properly analyze and attached to the recipient in order to have the exact information needed. The Courtesy Case or (CC) are also needs to be properly determined so that there will be no hurt feeling to the recipient who is not part of the CC. The long message in email is not that good which can cause silly to the the reader. Thus, it is only important to include only the necessary information that are needed in the email in order for the reader not to read the entire email and only get the   digested and important details. Therefore, keeping the message in the simple, short, and accurate manner is important for the reader. In the business field, it is only important that the business email is succinct . The importance of etiquette is also been determined by the appropriate closing and opening. There are also no manner of rush and therefore needs to include all the necessary email etiquette as the greetings and other informations needed as the salutation and other courtesy message. There is also the importance for the first impressions that last and the neatness of the email message as well as the constructions of the paragraph needs to be properly designed. Th subject line needs also to be short yet meaningful which can give the recipient the ability in acting to the timely manner. The reply is also important for the email and to the immediate actions and the attachments therefore must be design and properly attached so that there will be no misleading to happen. This also implies that need not to send the not related attachments to the email message so that the recipient will not have the extra time in opening it. Regarding the cultural difference, it is important in living to the globalized world and respect and must be aware to the cultural differences happening to the recipient of the email and needs to adopt the more casual statement for the international clients. Thus, respecting the colleagues is also important and needs to be manage effectively. It is also an important on not to email when angry which can also cause the business email to be more effective and can hinder the neatness of the email. This means that the wrong words might occur in the email. Easily trace the CC, Reply to all, and BCC button in order to determine the exact information needed and the recipient to be send on. Therefore, this can be avoiding the wrong recipient. Do not also need to use the email always and the other means of communications are all still there which can be use by the sender and in order to avoid the excess and overuse of the email which can also be use by the other important messages and clients. Thus, the message should keep to be short and the punctuations needs to be properly used as the comma, period and exclamation point or colon.       G) Conclusion               Based on the aforementioned findings, the email messages nowadays is always important not only to the personal use but also in the business use. Thus, any company must properly trained their employees on doing the email messages properly. This will be done by acknowledging every important details into the recipients message and needs to be properly criticized and synthesize so that there will be the exact and enough information to be send on the client. This email message and corrections and formats must be analyzed critically because this is the key competencies of the company in doing business with their clients and in encouraging the client to do the business to the other with them. Thus, the details must be properly done and designed because a single mistake can cause the bad effects to the company. The recipient name and the date must also be design and done significantly because it can cause the company to be on the top due to these email messages. In line with this, the recipient and the sender must have the wide range of knowledge regarding the values and the competencies in doing the business email so that the company and the management will have the exact message to be send in their client. But, in order for the email not to be exhausted, it must be rested for a while and use other methods of communications so that the sender and the recipient will not have to received and send multiple message which can also be misleading to the person. Thus, the importance of the email nowadays is greatly been well known and needs to be properly use whether personal or for business purposes.

Editing Email

A) 5 E-mails samples enclosed (Attached sample e-mail 1) From: Shipping - Teleshop Ltd[SMTP:SHIPPING@TELESHOPLTD.COM] Sent: T...

Conflict Management Assessment

Conflict Management Assessment Introduction              Changes are considered as inevitable, this can also be applied in management and other aspects of any business and organization. Due to the huge development in the entire business sector, as well as globalization, it had a great impact in the process of managing the human resource.             Due to globalization that enables multicultural organizations, differences in cultures, beliefs as well as behavior can be observed in many of organizations, more particularly, those international companies. Due to the cultural differences, disagreements, debates, differing perspective as well as justice struggles have become predictable in all of companies and organizations in the world (Pammer & Killian 2003, p. 3). Conflict             When two or more principles, point of views as well as beliefs are clashing in nature, and haven’t been aligned or agreed about yet, it is called conflict (McNamara 2008).             There are different problems and dangers that are associated with the conflict management. First is that it can affect the productivity of the employees and staffs of a given organization or company. Furthermore, it can also lower the morale as well as motivation of the employees. It can also cause more and continued conflicts that will worsen the situation, and lastly, it can cause different unsuitable behaviors and actions (McNamara 2008).             On the other hand, conflict also has its positive side. It can help to raise and eventually address the different problems that are happening in the organization. It can also help to increase the productivity by energizing the employees to be on the most appropriate issues. It can also pushes employees to participate in different activities by bringing out their real self as well as their best. Above all, conflict can help employees to learn the process of recognizing as well as learning the advantages of the employees’ differences (McNamara 2008).             The said advantages and disadvantages of conflicts, shows that it is inevitable. Therefore, conflict cannot be considered as a problem, but when a specific conflict is not managed properly, it becomes a huge problem. Causes of Conflict in Organization Identification of Group and Inter-group Bias             There are different studies, which show that the identification in a particular group as well as class of individual can cause conflict in the organization. Many of organizations are assigning the place of their employees based on random manner or based on their inconsequential characteristics like the color of their eye.             A person when assign to a given group, even without that much interaction with his or her team mates will develop positive perspective regarding his or her group, on the other hand, he or she will develop not enough perspective regarding other groups. The said situation will cause inter-group bias. Self-esteem is considered as one of the primary factor that can cause to disassociation of an individual with other groups. This can be seen in different situation, such as some groups, due to their confidence regarding their groups believe that they are superior in terms of attendance and performance against other groups (California State Polytechnic University 2008). This condition will cause other serious problems such as goal inconsistency. Goal inconsistency can be considered as one of the most important conflict that happens in different organizations, more specifically those organizations that are operating in different part of the globe, and has its department with autonomous management. This can happen when two or more departments or group are not communicating properly, and they are not properly informed regarding the overall goals of the organization. The said situation can affect the performance of the organization, due to the fact that the actions and decisions are not consistent with the vision of the organization. Furthermore, it can also cause all the parties or entities involved to compete over the limited resources. The said situation shows that the group relationships are also important aside from individual relationship within a given group. Interdependence             Interdependence can happen when an individual and groups are mutually dependent on each other in order to accomplish their own goals. The said situation can cause conflict because; each and every group must interact in order to coordinate their interests and goals. Furthermore, each group has their power over the other. Interdependence can again cause inconsistency in goals and activities (California State Polytechnic University 2008). Status Differences             The differences in the status can somewhat and somehow cause conflict in the organization. This is due to the fact that, it is already part of the organizational culture that the higher status employees are the one that are giving orders as well as controls the tasks towards the lower status employees. On the other hand, there are some conditions, where in those lower status employees are the one that are controlling the tasks of the higher status such as the waitress that are ordering the chef what to cook. On the other hand, in the real world it can impact the relationship of employees. For example, a secretary or encoder already has his or her knowledge and mastery regarding different document application and system that is why he or she needs to teach the old executives regarding its usage and features, some of the executives are finding it degrading (California State Polytechnic University 2008). Cultural Differences             Culture is considered as one of the most influential aspects in the entire conflict management areas. This is due to the fact that when two or more different cultures interact and develop in a given organization, it can cause opposing beliefs and principles that can cause explicit conflict.             This is due to the fact that there are beliefs and values of one person or group that can be contrast for others. Vagueness             Uncertainty and unclear goals, control, as well as the criteria for performance can cause different conflict. This can cause the breakdown of the different interaction and connection of different entities in the organization. Furthermore, it can also cause difficulty in the assign praises, rewards and reprimand for those who have performed well and not.     Limited Resources             Limitations of different resources such as money, management support as well as use of technologies can cause conflict inside the organization. This is due to the fact that each and every employees and groups will compete for the limited resources, this will often, lead to misunderstanding as well as improper use of power and authority. Conflict Management Styles             Conflict management styles are important in the process of managing different conflicts and problems regarding the relationships and connections of each individuals and groups inside the organization. The following are the 5 different modes that can be used in order to respond to the conflict situations: The Competing Shark             Shark is using the forcing or competing that is characterized by assertive, autocratic, authoritative and uncooperative leadership styles. Those who are using this style are considered as highly goal-oriented that pursue his or her own concerns at the expense of other people, creating a win-loss situation. Furthermore, the relationship or connection are not that important, thus uses aggressive behaviors in order to resolve the conflict.             Shark can be used when there is a personal difference that are involved in the conflict and is difficult to alter. It can also be applied when promoting intimate or even supportive relationships is not that critical. Furthermore, it can also be done when others are likely to take advantage of the noncompetitive behaviors of others. Above all, it can be implemented when the declaration of the conflict is urgent, and the decision about it is important in crisis that is currently faced by the company.             The main advantage of the shark is that when the decision that had been done is appropriate, the result will be an improved decision minus the negotiation. On the other hand, the main disadvantage is that it can raise lack of sympathy and dislike towards the person who’s using it (Psychology of Human Relations n.d.; Thomas & Kilmann 1974). The Avoiding Turtle             Turtle is adopting the unassertive or withdrawing and uncooperative conflict management style. The person does not pursue his own concern as well as the concern of other individuals. Furthermore, turtles do not deal with the conflict but hide and ignore it. The said situation can cause the formation of tactfully avoiding a problem that will delay another issue until a better time, therefore, turtles have a propensity to surrender his or her personal goals and show inactive actions that create lose-lose situations.             Turtle style can be used when the stakes are not that high or the issue is not that important. It can also be useful when a confrontation will affect, in negative way, the working relationship inside the organization. Furthermore, it can also be applied when there is a little possibility in satisfying the needs and demands of the manager. Turtle style is also applicable when the process of gathering information and facts is more vital than immediate decision. Above all, it can be used when other can resolve the conflict in more effective way and the needed time to solve the conflict will cause delays.             The main advantage of the turtle style is that it can maintain the relationships that can possibly hurt by the conflict declaration. On the other hand, its main flaw is that, the conflict will remain inside the organization, and overuse of it can lead to others taking it for granted (Psychology of Human Relations n.d.; Thomas & Kilmann 1974). The Collaborating Owl             Owl uses both assertive and cooperative conflict management styles. This is considered as the opposite of the turtle. The owl attempts to work with others in order to find different solutions that will satisfy the needs of all the involved parties, therefore, the owls, views the conflict as a win-win situation, by focusing on the deeper issues that are connected with the needs as well as wants of the different involved individuals and groups. It will involve the issues regarding the disagreement from different perspective.             Owl style can be used when the maintenance of the relationships is vital, and the time is not an important concern. Furthermore, it can also be applied when a peer conflict is involved, and when trying to established commitment by the process of building the agreement. Above all, it can be used during the process of learning and trying the mergence of the different perspective.             The main advantage of owl style is that it can feed the needs and demands of all the parties involved, therefore, the negative feelings and emotions will be eliminated. The main disadvantage is that it is in great needs of time as well as effort from all the involved parties (Psychology of Human Relations n.d.; Thomas & Kilmann 1974).   The Compromising Fox             Compromising conflict management style is being used in this one, where in the main concern focuses on the goals and the relationships and interactions. Furthermore, compromising involves the willingness to forgo some aspects of personal goals at the same time as influencing others to forgo some parts of theirs. The main goal of the fox is to find some of the measures as well as solutions that will fully or partially fulfills the demand of the entities who are involved. It can result into assertive and cooperative that can be, win-lose or lose-lose.             Fox style can be used when there is a complex and vital issues, but there are no comprehensible solutions, and when all of the people that are involved in the conflict are equal in terms of power and have strong interests regarding the different solutions. Above all, it can also be used when there is no need for a hurry. The main advantage of this style is that it maintains healthy relationship, at the same time, removing the conflict. The main disadvantage is that the process of compromising can establish less than the anticipated result as well as game playing (Psychology of Human Relations n.d.; Thomas & Kilmann 1974). The Accommodating Teddy Bear             The smoothing or the accommodating conflict management style is used with connection and focus on the human relationships. Primarily, this style ignore the personal goals and find solutions to the conflict by giving way to others, thus it will create a win-lose or unassertive and cooperative results.             This can be used when the process of sustaining the connection overshadows other reflections. It is also applicable when the proposals as well as transformations are not that significant to the accommodator. Above all, when reducing different losses in conditions where outmatched, and time is restricted or when the agreement and constancy are vital. The main advantage of the style is it preserves and keeps the good relationships, while, on the other hand, it can affect the productivity, and the person that is using this style can be taken advantage of (Psychology of Human Relations n.d.; Thomas & Kilmann 1974)   Conclusion             There is no doubt that conflict is already a part of organization, from the day it was established, as well as its everyday operations. Conflict is considered as inevitable aspects of the entire organization that is why there is a great need for conflict management. In addition, there are different styles and methods that can be used in order to manage different conflicts, all of the said styles can be applied for different situations, structures and culture by different types of organizations. There are different edge as well as flaws that are associated with different styles, and it will depends on the organization, most specifically, the conflict manager, to use those disadvantages for the benefits of the company.             The different types of conflict management can be helpful for students, because it can help them to prepare regarding the real world, by letting them have a glimpse or sight of what is going on, in the real world. Furthermore, it can help them to be ready, regarding what to do and not to do, in order to maintain good relationship and connection inside the organization.             All of the information and results of this study can be used for further studies regarding the application of different conflict management styles current conditions of different companies and organizations.       References     A Definition of Conflict, California State Polytechnic University, Pamona, viewed 5 August 2008, <http://www.csupomona.edu/~msharifzadeh/chapter11.html>   Conflict, Psychology of Human Relations, viewed 5 August 2008, < http://webhome.idirect.com/~kehamilt/ipsyconf.html>   De Dreu, C & van de Vliet, E 1997, Using Conflict In Organizations, SAGE   McNamara, C 2008, Basics of Conflict Management, Free Management Library, viewed 5 August 2008, <http://www.managementhelp.org/intrpsnl/basics.htm>   Pammer, W & Killian, J (eds) 2003, Handbook of Conflict Management, Marcel Dekker, New York   Thomas, K & Kilmann, R 1974, Conflict and Conflict Management, Ralph Kilman, viewed 5 August 2008, <http://www.kilmann.com/conflict.html>

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