Research Korner

IT Project Implementarion

Project management methodology involves three phases, the concept, the planning and the implementation.  In the concept phase, the need for corporate business decision is needed before you can actually begin an information technology project.  It primarily involves a presentation of overview as to what the information technology project will be all about and will be subject to scrutiny before getting approved.  Planning phase will be the systematic organization as to how the flow of process of the project will go.  In the last phase, which is the implementation phase, it seeks to track and monitor as to how effective the information system project.  The implementation phase is crucial such that it will serve to be the measure of the whole information system project.   In this essay, the selected information project is one of the products of Bangalore Software Services, a software development and consulting company that provides services, solutions and products to enterprises, the name of the product is Spark Business solutions.  Spark project is aimed to provide the power of information technology to new heights such that it has been designed as a flexible business solution that combines all the facets of business functions. Powered by Microsoft using three-tier Client server architecture with an open ended framework for web enablement, Spark implementation process has developed a delivery model incorporating the best industry practices.  The implementation process covers the following phases: Pre-Implementation Scoping covers the set of tasks, from selection and system design, to installation and maintenance.  The process mapping includes the mapping processes of the software and the fit level assessment of the solution based of the system requirement.  By the end of this phase it would be able to identify as to whether there is a suitable solution and as to how to implement that solution, if the solution is available.  Gap analysis is the third phase in the implementation process, is deals with the quantification of the gap between organizational needs and the actual product and the completion of Standard Product Implementation based on the strategic requirement of customers.  Further implementation ensures the project applicability.  The training phase provides the dissemination of knowledge; evolve a consensus on core issues by promoting a deep understanding of the situation.  And last phase which is the post-implementation services that includes basic trouble-shooting, fine tuning of configuration and programs, ongoing user education and training, enhancement and rollout and the routine maintenance. The process of implementation of Spark business solution software is well-structured.  With the secondary implementation phase in the implementation process may ensure that the whole package is effective in its functioning.  They also provide a pre- and post-implementation services that examines as how capable Spark in delivering business solutions when needed.  The need for improvement would be in the training phase, it is their obligation to see to it that the dissemination of knowledge is well-disseminated to all and not only to chosen few. They may provide personnel to monitor the training as to whether there is progress and ensure that its application provides users convenience and should be a reliable and dependent ally in feeding appropriate business solution to the enterprise industry.  Bangalore software services should continue to seek improvement in the project and must be up-to-date with the latest problems so that they also can deliver up-to-date solutions.  The software can perhaps contain an update button, like the one found in the anti-virus software, to feed the latest business solutions. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

IT Project Implementarion

Project management methodology involves three phases, the concept, the planning and the implementation. In the concept phase, the need f...

The Role Of The Government Management Policy In The Economic Growth Of The United Kingdom

The Role of the Government Management Policy in the Economic Growth of the United Kingdom   This study discusses the roles of demand management policies of government in United Kingdom in order to reduce the current unemployment problem in the country. A major issue here is   if free operation market  creating  enough employment  for the population in the United Kingdom, as well as could it also  create  national revenues for the various industries and government,  as well as could it  lead to the stability of commodity prices, so as could it help to promote economic growth in the country.  The implementation of macroeconomics policy would bring long-term benefits to various industries, people and the UK government.   It would definitely attain its primary goals and improve the overall performance of the economy of the United Kingdom at large. The major goals of government demand policy include the sustainability of economic growth of one nation,  stability of  prices of basic commodities in the market,  creation of high level of employment,   improvement of the living condition of the people,  sustainability of the balance of payments in every industry, and the proper financial management in the government. (http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy.html)  The demand management policy is the government intervention in aiming to influence the level of Aggregate Demand (AD) for goods and services produced in the economy over a period of time. In the same way, to influence the levels of country’s revenue, employment rate, inflation rate, growth, as well as the balance of payments of the nation.  Hence, the implementations of Deflationary policies seek to increase Aggregate Demand (AD) and raise the level of Gross Domestic Products (GDP).  This is the effective way of gauging the economic condition of the country.  In the contrary, the Deflationary policies seek to decrease Aggregate Demand (AD) and lead an unsustainable deficit on the balance of payments.  If this happens, fiscal and monetary policies are needed instruments for demand management.  However, there are main problems encountered in managing macro economy, the government would have difficult task of managing the economy because of the inaccurate economic data which tend to be a margin of error. These data are from collected tax returns and released surveys from the public. Second, the policy objectives    of stimulating aggregate demand can reduce unemployment only for a short period of time.  But, it will increase also the inflation rate of the goods in the market, which may even worsen the financial condition of the economy. Thirdly, every macroeconomic objective has separate policy instrument, thus, the government should select the main and right policy instrument.  For instance, if the interest rates are being selected as to keep the inflation controlled, fiscal policy instrument like changes to the tax system might be attained by increasing the labor supply, improve the incentive programs;   increase the investments as well as the productivity of the industries. (http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy.html) Furthermore, the economic management is divided into two. The first one is the fiscal policy which involves the use of government expenditures, taxation and its intervention in the economic activities of the nation, as well as the condition of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the country.    Next is the monetary policy that involves the utilization of interest rates in order to control the level of growth of aggregate demand in the economy.  In this connection, the Bank of England takes charge of the maintenance of the nation’s currency, as well as   in the sustaining of the price stability in attaining the economic growth and high employment rate in their country.  The Bank of England has been managing independently the setting of interest rates since 1997.  The bank targets to meet the government’s inflation target which is 2.0 percent for the consumer price index through implementing short-term interest rates, this  interest policy was  initiated by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC).  (http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy.html) Consequently, from 2001 to 2005 United Kingdom economy experienced a significant increase of government expenditure in transportation area, as well as in the health and education sector.  The capital spending of the UK government also includes new infrastructure, hospitals and prison buildings. The UK government is an appropriate move to improve the social welfare of the in the country.  The UK government spending provides efficient level of public goods and merit goods, as well as it provides a safety-net system in order to supplement the revenues of the poorest population in the society.  In this case, if the UK economy is expanding, the tax revenue also increases.  In United Kingdom, there is direct taxation which is levied on income, wealth and profit of individuals and companies.  On the other side, the indirect taxes come from excise duties various goods in the market such as fuel, cigarettes, alcohol plus VAT on different goods and services in all industries. (http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-fiscal-policy.html) References: http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy.html  http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-fiscal-policy.html   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The Role Of The Government Management Policy In The Economic Growth Of The United Kingdom

The Role of the Government Management Policy in the Economic Growth of the United Kingdom This study discusses the roles of demand ...

Topic : The impact, that the “War on Terror” has on American based companies through new stereotypes of anti-Americanism.

Topic : The impact, that the “War on Terror” has on American based companies through new stereotypes of anti-Americanism.

Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The Role of International Organizations In Assisting Failed States

The Role of International Organizations in Assisting Failed States    The idea of world peace is very important for every states to move towards economic growth and development, as well as people can live in a better place, so as to have a better world for the children.  This is the main reason that after World War II in 1945, there were 51 states approved the United Nations Charter together with the objective to free the entire world from war, famine, hostility, and epidemic.   The first international organization that was established there after was the United Nations (UN).  It established varied programs that intended to decrease the possible factors that can lead to outbreaks of war and conflicts that associated with it.  In addition to that, an international organization like United Nations has different programs that are intended to intervene on the economic and social development of the people, human rights, and to battle against poverty and hunger in many parts of the globe.  After the creation of United Nations programs, more numbers of international organizations were established for the main goal of preventing conflicts among nations, at the same time, attaining peace in every society worldwide. As the United Nations Preamble states that it was designed both to prevent and resolve international conflicts among nations, at the same time, to help build a culture of peace in the world. And, this mission is always   shown in all programs and projects of the United Nations.   (http://www.unac.org/peacecp/factsheet/role.html) There are several international organizations that help in promoting world peace to every nation.  These international organizations are initiated in order to   promote educational assistance to the children in the failed states all throughout the world.  Secondly, they are there to protect the rights of the children times of war and other adversities, where these young people are mostly vulnerable. Majority of children in the third world countries are given human right protection, health, and educational assistance in order to help them to survive from all economic and catastrophic challenges brought by various circumstances such as poverty, maltreatment of parents, orphanage due to wars. .  For instance, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) plays an important role and that is to protect the rights of the children around the world.  On the other hand, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) helps to protect the rights of the women and promotes a culture of peace by initiating information programs such as family planning and sex education, as well as livelihood programs and economic assistance for women. By doing this, international organizations help women to take part in the development of one nation, as well as teaching them to exercise their rights as individuals, so as lead them to become empowered individuals who can contribute significantly to the betterment of the world’s population.  While World Health Organization (WHO) promotes numerous medical missions and   health programs that are mainly beneficial to those people in the disaster areas because of calamity, war and epidemic.  WHO also attends to the medical needs of those people in the poor countries worldwide by helping governments to reinforce free health systems and emergency aids to the underdeveloped countries and developing countries around the world. (http://www.unac.org/peacecp/factsheet/role.html) Furthermore, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)   created  United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),  along with NGOs is mandated to eliminate the dominant problem  of health, over population, poverty, hunger,  environmental pollution,  social  immobilization of women,   and reinforcement of democracy in some countries. Whereas, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is helping all nations that do not have access to  formal education, science and technology, culture and  modern communication.  It also promotes world justice, human rights and essential freedom of speech,  race, religion, and  sex. While United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has been doing its effort to go around the world to facilitate people from other parts of the world to take part in the environmental programs  that can improve the condition of the earth’s ecology system and implement various  legal  policies for the protection of the environment.  These initiatives hopefully   head off towards fewer environmental disasters in the near future. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) ensures that human rights of the people in every nation are respected by signing and ratifying international conventions for human rights.  The "Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms"  which was adopted  in December 09, 1998 through General Assembly of the United Nations.  This organization aims to empower every individual in the world to learn how to give value and respect to human rights.  (http://www.unac.org/peacecp/factsheet/role.html) References: http://www.unac.org/peacecp/factsheet/role.html http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/Development_Studies/link.php?id=95 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid   		  	   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The Role of International Organizations In Assisting Failed States

The Role of International Organizations in Assisting Failed States The idea of world peace is very important for every states to m...

Legalization of Cannabis for Drug Use

The effects of cannabis are undoubtedly famous around the world because of its many uses, both either seen as highly contributive or damning. Indeed, the question of the use of cannabis has become one that is highly controversial. History, indeed, has put the cannabis plant into the spotlight with all the contributions that it has given to the society and to industrialization. The plant itself is very resilient against any climate; its use over the years and in different countries has exceeded expectations.             The use of the cannabis has been varied over the years, not merely as a medical drug but also with all the use that the plant itself gives to the people. It has been used as an ample string to the bow of ancient times, and has been used as a material for fibre before cotton was discovered as a clothing. Another impressive use that cannabis has had is as hemp for the rope which proliferated during the ship-building era, in which its tough abilities has had the hemp necessary for every ship in almost every dock in Europe (Earleywine, 2002). Accounts stated the colorful history of the hemp wherein farmers were ordered to plant cannabis to increase productivity and to help contribute to the economy and export of products to various countries.             Now, however, cannabis has gained an unfavourable reputation as an addictive drug. Now, many countries continue to regard cannabis as an illegal drug because of marijuana, which is derived from the flower of the female plant, wherein chemicals are taken. These chemicals contribute to psychoactive effects on the person, and have also proven to be an effective hallucinogen; it has been viewed that this is the main reason as to why cannabis continues to be an important factor for rituals in cultures around the world.             The illegalization of cannabis has continued to be challenged all over the world, mostly because of the therapeutic contributions that it has had to the medical world. The United Kingdom is one of the countries that looks into the prospect of cannabis being used as a therapeutic drug, yet even this is approached with some caution because of the acts that are in effect (Breeze, Aldridge & Parker, 2001). One of the problems seen by many for the legalization of cannabis is the probable effect on the individuals of the country, which can be seen as an encouragement for the masses to use cannabis as a drug. The consideration has to include the various effects that the plant will have and therefore the directions that society can go with these effects.             Research has always been an important aspect in business, especially when it comes to the scientific information that can be gathered. Because of the limitations imposed on the handling of cannabis, many countries—including the United Kingdom—the study of the potential of cannabis are still incomplete and inadequate. It stands to reason that there may be other uses for cannabis, and when compounded with other chemicals, may yield more advantages and benefits for the patients, not to mention the benefits that it can give to the economy. Finally, it may also be helpful in the realm of medical researches, as cannabis also produces therapeutic effects; further analysis may also probably yield more information on their effects on the people. Having the product at hand can contribute to having faster and unlimited access to information.             However, cannabis as a drug cannot be permitted to be taken as a drug without supervision. No matter the possible advantages that it can give to the people when it comes to drug-related benefits, it cannot be denied that there will always be the continued precaution that productivity may suffer. While cannabis can be given to patients, it has to be provided through prescription to ensure the control of its distribution. Perhaps with more information and with more belief on the people, as well as a more ideal society, cannabis as a medical drug can be freely distributed over the counter, yet with the tendency of crimes even nowadays and even with some of the continued problems regarding the security of countries, management continues to be a primary concern in the United Kingdom. The question of the allowing cannabis as an easily obtainable drug in the country can destabilize some of the more important issues that need to be focused on (Medical Marijuana ProCon Website). The methods than the United Kingdom can produce for the effective introduction of cannabis research for medical information may be helpful for the general public, but only with extreme precautions and management not only in the part of the research corporations and government heads, but also in the part of the researchers and the workers themselves. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Legalization of Cannabis for Drug Use

The effects of cannabis are undoubtedly famous around the world because of its many uses, both either seen as highly contributive or damn...

Motivations For International Strategic Alliance

Introduction Strategic alliances concerning investments of equity by business involved tend to be more motivated and often more long-term undertakings. Furthermore, business effort towards equity-investment alliances more often than not had a explicit intention or aim in mind for the joint venture or alliances. The alliances arrangement may also include other forms of agreement, particularly the trade off of technology and the supplying or purchasing of each other's stuff. As indicated in the paper of Jenster & Hussey, (2001), in comparison to the establishment of wholly owned enterprises, such strategic alliances may engage more unpretentious investments even though considerably in excess of those for such other strategies like licensing or exporting. Their added distinctiveness also plunge in between these two options, as does the quantity/level of risk, the profit potential, and the extent of control over the ensuing products and their manufacturing process and profit.  In addition, Jenster & Hussey, (2001) added that there are some alliances that involve simple cross-border joint ventures whereas the firm or business participates in the foreign market with a local firm. Aside from this, there are other alliances that are considered genuine global ventures whereas the multinational corporations cooperate with other global business at different levels of the business and in numerous areas.  Basically their objective was more on expanding the operations of both businesses on a wide-reaching level (Jenster & Hussey, 2001).  With respect to the current business environment, the so-called strategic alliances are known to be global phenomenon since it possesses significant effect to involved businesses. With this, this paper aims to discuss information concerning the reason behind why companies numerous global companies want to go into Strategic Alliances. The Companies Numerous companies especially the technology-based companies are now forming strategic alliances.  As for the latest news, Facebook, a social networking site formed an alliance with Microsoft, one of the leading companies in terms software, services and technology solutions. Based on the press release of Microsoft (2007), “Facebook and Microsoft expanded their advertising partnership and that Microsoft took a 0 million equity stake in Facebook’s next round of financing at a billion valuation. Under the expanded strategic alliance, Microsoft was the exclusive third-party advertising platform partner for Facebook, and started to sell advertising for Facebook internationally in addition to the United States.” On the other hand, Apple and HP also formed an alliance last January of 2004.  As for their agreement, HP consumer PCs and notebooks are preinstalled with Apple’s iTunes® jukebox software and an easy-reference desktop icon to point consumers directly to the iTunes Music Store, ensuring a simple, seamless music experience. This offering is yet another way that HP is helping consumers enjoy more from their personal digital entertainment content (Apple, 2004). As for concrete samples of such alliances, in year 2000 Ericsson and Sony established a London-based joint venture. The new business was called Sony Ericsson which aimed in exploiting the opportunities of third generation mobile systems in which the implementation had commenced in Japan (Sony Ericsson, 2010).  As seen in the current condition of the company, Sony Ericsson makes use their capabilities to achieve continuous development and progress.  And in accordance to the observed success of the company, the strategic alliance of Sony with Ericsson demonstrated positive effect or both firms in which their fusion gained them a distinctive identity in the cell phone industry. The alliance of Ericsson with Sony helped both firms survive a chaotic business existence and helped them attain improved returns. Actually, Sony Ericsson’s resources come from consistent and dependable manufacturers and suppliers.  Sony Ericsson made sure that the raw materials used in developing the products are environment friendly. Sony Ericsson’s capabilities include its extremely advanced product, viable products and notion of sustainability. The Changing Business Trends Companies around the globe are like mobiles in a storm being blown about by incessantly changing breezes of wind. The mobiles' balances have gone skewed and the mobiles quiver for a period of time before they can patch up into their original poses. When a breeze of wind rips off one of the balances, the mobile again quivers and then patches up into a new spot. In this tumultuous twister all of the units that have been stunned about have not yet settled into their latest arrangements. According to Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson (2003), people are not certain what things will look like or if they will settle down in their current stance.  What people do know or what we know is that innovative strengths are at work. In business or even in normal work environment, employers and employees need to be attentive in order not to be swept away by the wind breeze. There are different types of wind breeze, crossing and blending, making the mobiles be unstable and send-off employees looking for employment. These wind breezes comprise the business trends that state the new careerism. The increasing business globalisation has resulted in a twister of competition, causing firms to try paring behind and invigorate their swollen operations to be more rapidly on their feet. From this and in relation to business context, changes in the world tend an individual or a business unit collaborates to the needs of the changing environment. Firms may add and omit business efforts in order to survive.  For instance, the importance on financial concerns in the business world is the reason of important exclusions. The evaluation of strategic decisions has occasionally suffered from this inadequacy, when definite financial criteria imposed instinctively have forced decisions to be considered from a merely financial standpoint (Kaplan, & Norton, 2001). The purpose of maximising business wealth also differs from the well-known idea of maximizing profit (Kaplan, & Norton, 2001). The principal aim for most businesses is profits. Though, within the firm, executives are paying attention on accomplishment in the two element areas of fringe and exploitation, with explicit targets applicable to their part of accountability. The extremely aggressive nature of many industries and the likely outlook of sustained economic instability as countrywide and global economic fortunes fluctuate, requires that business managers keep on looking for chances to perk up feat. This will principally be attained by enhancing efficiency in the ranges of /retaining clientele, increasing business capability and fiscal management (Kaplan, & Norton, 2001).   Business studies like Kaplan, & Norton, (2001) and Neely, (1998) identified significant features for business firmness. The significant features engage the organization style, attention on core business, costs and resources control, assessment of product and service effectiveness, working capital management, safeguarding of sensible stock values, and cash forecasting and projections. As stressed out by Kaplan, & Norton, (2001), the management style must be appropriate to the viable necessities of the market and the condition of the company. A diverse style will be required dependent relative on the rumble or recessionary environment of the market segment and the general market (Kaplan, & Norton, 2001).  There should be no concern in diversification unless this is evidently associated to the company and defers direct cost or viable advantage.   Firms need to constantly practice cost reduction/efficiency schemes and ought to cease from the holdup of taking action.  Furthermore, businesses need to have a lucid and precise perceptive of the definite earnings produced by diverse products/services. In order to practice this, a certain business must have suitable systems that will identify actual costs.  Apparently, rigorous management of stocks is also recommended and made sure that work in advancement and debtors are tied up.  Aside from this, there must be valuation of all stocks at the accurate value. Lastly a firm should have systematic cash forecasting and excellent cash flow management (Neely, 1998). Aside from returns, business companies must also be aware that there are other factors that create a huge impact to their progress. This comprises the inventory cost, competitions and distribution of products issues. The cost of inventory and expenses in keeping materials has a significant blow to a business since too much cost doesn’t help in the business development and attainment of goals.  High level rivalry can generate huge impact to businesses for the reason that the level of competition may compel a business to use a lot of resources.  The troubles in distribution of products can produce huge bang to the business because lower allocation of products may mean loss of clients, lower income, and a stained image. But with strategic alliances, the effects of key impacts to businesses will be lessened. Through strategic alliances, primary problems of the key impacts will be given solution.  Why should businesses go into strategic alliances? There are a lot of motivating reasons behind the formation of joint ventures or strategic alliances and other cooperative strategies. As stated previous, businesses go into joint ventures because of the need for resources, particularly, skill money, and manpower. As indicated in the paper of Galbraith, (2001), there are three basic motivations for the development of strategic alliance. One of which is it embodies the lowest business deal cost alternative; it also permits an enhanced strategic situation to be achieved, and it gives a prospect for business learning. These motives may be substitutes, even though in some cases all three motivations may be relevant. An exacting motive for considering a cooperative strategy and entering into alliances is offered by the challenge of entering latest international market arena (Galbraith, 2001). The option is one between exporting, entry by means of joint contracting such as franchising, licensing, counter-trade, and contract manufacture, and venture in the target market by setting up strategic alliance with local associates (Galbraith, 2001).  Even though the alliances and joint ventures formation is offered as characteristically the product of unitary decisions in the existence of adequate data to make them, it is typically the result of a union of views in both businesses pointing to the probable reward of such venture, when the definite benefits and costs cannot be known until the coalition has been started. Thus, as much political as economic resolutions depending greatly on the inner corporate political influence of the champions, and placed at danger if those champions must lose power in their home organisations strategic alliances are generally created for the reason that each organisations feels insufficient in a certain area of its activities and needs to be taught from the other partner. Obviously this effort also engages risk if total truthfulness is not present, as one partner may acquire and not give fully in return. From an economic standpoint, the main argument for joint venture is that they are usually created as a result of an external motivation or change in business conditions to which business react with a feeling of internal business necessitate that they feel is finest met by in search of a relationship with a new business (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2003). An additional issue advancing alliance formation as contrasting to the alternatives of joint venture is the requirement to limit risk. The scattering of financial risk is often cited as a primary motivation for the creation of strategic alliances. Another motive behind the consideration of strategic alliances/joint ventures is the need for velocity in attainment the market. Alliances are the greatest means of attaining market presence to meet an opportunity. Finally, the motivation to collaborate remains lofty even when the alliance has uncovered the partners to the attraction to steal each others' secret (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2003). Strategic alliances are desired by business for the reason of changing business prospects. In the case of Sony and Ericsson or even Apple and HP, they engage in strategic alliances not only because of the need for resources.  But their alliances also created different opportunities that lessen transaction cost, improvement of strategic position, an opportunity for organisational learning, establishment in the international markets, the need to set up for a change in environmental circumstances, the need to limit business dangers, the need for quicker market entry, and the opportunity to increase and share business secrets. Implementing Strategic Alliances As discussed previously, there are numerous types of alliances in business, but commitment is what makes alliances strategic. As argued, a number of businesses enter numerous transactional dealings through joint programs, licensing, and sourcing agreements. While all those are imperative, they are not regarded as strategic alliances. Alliances are about development, capabilities and consolidation. Joining a business’ technology with other’s delivery systems provides big return to both firms without anyone of the firm losing their sovereignty. If firms collaborate well, neither one of them has to contract with the other parts of each other's business that they don't recognize or need (Rindova, & Kotha, 2001). Capabilities are extensively known as the key viable differentiators among companies. But a small number of corporations are the world’s best at more than a handful of capabilities, and hardly ever on a global level. One of the most significant challenges for development is to be able to arrange world-class capabilities where one carry out their business. So the finest businesses are incisive to acquire capabilities from whatsoever means obtainable whether it is internal development, acquisition, hiring, and a variety of partnerships and joint ventures. Alliances are redefining business limitations (Rindova, & Kotha, 2001). The environment of strategic alliances has moved from minor issues to the core business of the allies to issues directly in the crosshairs of the business' approach. In a short span of time; strategic alliances have jumped onto the international business juncture as one of the most significant mediums for development and competitiveness. Alliances have become superior and nearer to the strategic core of business and have become a bigger and bigger part of the business portfolio. The main downsides of strategic alliances for instance complexity in discussing and managing are receiving extensive top-level awareness as alliances befall an ever-greater component of the business portfolio. Conclusion From the discussed issues and in accordance to the alliances of stated companies, they proved that strategic alliances help them gratify their need for resources and lower transaction cost. Their alliances gave involved companies an opportunity to perk up its strategic position and expand learning as an organisation. In addition, the strategic alliance paved the way for them to have an opportunity at entering their respective market such as mobile phone market for Sony and Ericsson, digital music for both HP and Apple and advertising market for Microsoft and Facebook. These alliances justified that business achievement can be obtained through excellent strategic alliances. References: Apple (2004), HP and Apple Partner to Deliver Digital Music Player and iTunes to HP Customers. Accessed: January 04, 2010 from <http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/jan/08hp.html> Galbraith, J.R. (2001), Designing Organizations: An Executive Briefing on Strategy, Structure and Process, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Henry, C. (2006), ‘Periscopic media tour’, Strategy & Leadership, 23; 5, 58-66. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., & Hoskisson, R.E. (2003), Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, 5th ed., South-Western, Singapore. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., & Hoskisson, R.E. (2003), Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, 5th ed., South-Western, Singapore. Jenster, P. & Hussey, D. (2001), Company Analysis: Determining Strategic Capability, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 135-171. Kaplan, R.S. & Norton, D.P. (2001), The Strategy-Focused Organization: How Balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA. Microsoft (2007), Facebook and Microsoft Expand Strategic Alliance. Accessed: 05 January 2010 from <http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2007/oct07/10-24FacebookPR.mspx> Neely, A. (1998), Measuring Business Performance, Economist Books, London. Rindova, V.P. & Kotha, S. (2001), ‘Continuous “morphing”: Competing through dynamic capabilities, form, and function’, Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1263-1280. Sony Ericsson (2010), Company Profile. Accessed: 04 January 2010. from <http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/corporate/company/aboutus/profile>.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Motivations For International Strategic Alliance

Introduction Strategic alliances concerning investments of equity by business involved tend to be more motivated and often more long-t...

An Investigation Of Effective Reward Systems For Employees Of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plants In Singapore

EFFECTIVE REWARD SYSTEM FOR EMPLOYEES OF PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN SINGAPORE         There are a growing numbers of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies in Singapore because of local and international demand plus the strong government support making them one of the strong industry components of biomedical science in their country. In 2010 they have hosted 15 world class companies in biomedicine. Most of the popular pharmaceutical companies around the world including Glaxo Smithkline, Baxter, Becton Dickinson, Schering Plough, Novartis, Abbott, Pfizer, Lonza Group, Merck Sharp & Dohme and other giant companies have all pharmaceutical research and development plants and laboratories in Singapore. These pharmaceutical companies largely contributed to the economic development; according to their Economic Development Board (EDB) in 2001 these industries produced billion output while enjoying high employment generation for their people. Because of the presence of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plants in Singapore they have produced sustainability and employment among their newly graduate students and professionals making their country as a pharmaceutical economic hub for biomedical science.       Novartis Tabletting Plant - One of the latest Manufacturing Plant in Singapore is Novartis tabletting plant opened last October of 2007 in Tuas Biomedical Park, employing 160 personnel that will produce about 3.3 billion different medicines a year. Employees receive base compensation or fixed salary and equal opportunities and training and development including the use of machineries and equipment in the plant. Employees also receive short term incentive plans given every year depending on their performance, including team performance. They are encouraged an option to receive Novartis shares of stock rather than cash payment rewards so that their incentive can grow and leveraged as a part of their savings. They are also given special grants through shares as a part of their equity reward, the long term performance bonuses and rewards are given from managers and executives who have made good contributions in the group. The tabletting plants in Singapore have a Memosen system for the maximum production of their employees.       Genentech Biologics Manufacturing Plant in Singapore – This Pharmaceutical plant can produce or ferment protein cells of E coli plants for patients with wet age related degeneration. E-coli produce lucentis also use for vision loss, their employees receive financial and health benefits including the best compensation package that is above industry. In 2010 they were included in 100 best companies to work for; awarded by Fortune Magazine’s for twelve consecutive years because of the awards and privileges they are giving to their employees all over the world. Their benefits extend to their family they also receive insurance benefits, bonuses, long term benefits, team bonuses, retirement plan, short term and long term disability plan, care and pet insurance. Additionally they can also receive haircuts, car washes, private rooms for pregnant mothers and travel plan or 18 days paid vacation every year. Regular employees who spend six years in their company can receive six weeks off with full payment and benefits and probably one of the best benefits they can have.       Pfizer in Tuas – Pfizer also has one huge Pharmaceutical Plants in Tuas Singapore because they believed that the operating cost in this country is much lower they can also hire highly motivated English speaking employees they have more than 250 employees in their manufacturing plant including technician, engineers, chemist and other professionals. The plant includes full featured advanced technology system and environment friendly machineries for full protection to ensure quality operations making their plant fully automated. Pfizer promise to their employees that they will receive financial sustainability and flexible health benefits while they grow, they also offer rich cultural environment that can produce good working relationship, adaptive environment and full incremental exposure to detailed operations.           Abbott – Also located in Tuas Biomedical Park in Singapore they are one of the largest American based company producing diversified health care product development, discovery, manufacturing and marketing. They have been serving Singapore for more than 70 years and their employees could not ask for more because they have receive equal treatment, base salary higher in the industry and opportunity to grow. Abott highly develop their employees through innovative and individual and team based performance, they are filled with respect, focus and dedication to their works. They are also considered as one of the companies who have a great place to work recognized by Corporate Research Foundation, Business Week, Fortune and Money Magazine. Abott provides all the best resources, technology, education and information to train and develop their employees to gain expertise in their different fields of work.    References:  http://www.emwa.org/JournalArticles/JA_V11_I2_Yeo1.pdf         http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/contractors/process_automation/endress-hauser-process/press25.html   http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/projects/novartisbio/  http://www.gene.com/gene/careers/gride.html  http://pfizercareers.com/benefits   http://www.abbott.com.sg/      Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

An Investigation Of Effective Reward Systems For Employees Of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plants In Singapore

EFFECTIVE REWARD SYSTEM FOR EMPLOYEES OF PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN SINGAPORE There are a growing numbers of Pharma...

To travel or not to travel?: a look at the consumer behaviour in travel and tourism

Introduction   “A hundred miles of travel is better than a thousand miles of scroll.”                                                                                         -Confucius Experience is a great teacher. A single place, person and/or event can teach an individual more than what he can learn from the four corners of a classroom.  Theories can be discussed; it is easy to say and explain what ought to be done and how to do it but the real battle begins once the student or even the teacher steps into the real world.  The theories and practices will be put to the test and, more often than not, it is easier said than done.   People travel to experience different cultures, interact with different kinds of people and taste different cuisines first hand.  They travel because they have the urge to set forth and discover for themselves the beauty of this planet they call home.  Pictures and images from postcards, magazines brochures and television advertisements fall short of providing fulfilment that actually being in the place can surpass.   According to Tarlow (2003), mass tourism is relatively new creation.  World War II gave the average person the opportunity to travel. The deployment of soldiers to the front lines of battle around the world gave ordinary individuals the opportunity to see their neighbouring countries or people apart from their own.  However, given the circumstances at that time they could not really get a hold of what the place or its people have to offer.   After the war and the because of capitalism, travelling became more convenient and less expensive. The accessibility of travelling changed the mindset of most westerners; they even deem travelling as a right and not a privilege. In addition, by the end of the nineteenth century travelling ceased to be an activity for the wealthy alone (Pires-O’Brien, 2001).  Because of this, businesses started investing in the development of competent, safer and faster way to travel. Territories were kept so that countries can benefit from the inflow of capital being poured into the tourism industry.  Those in the hotel industry are running in the race to acquire the prime lots in exotic destinations.   Experience is a great teacher. A single place, person and/or event can teach an individual more than what he can learn from the four corners of a classroom.  Theories can be discussed; it is easy to say and explain what ought to be done and how to do it but the real battle begins once the student or even the teacher steps into the real world.  The theories and practices will be put to the test and, more often than not, it is easier said than done.   People travel to experience different cultures, interact with different kinds of people and taste different cuisines first hand.  They travel because they have the urge to set forth and discover for themselves the beauty of this planet they call home.  Pictures and images from postcards, magazines brochures and television advertisements fall short of providing fulfilment that actually being in the place can surpass.   Tourism is an opportunity for people to play (Smith, 1989). Tourism in its true sense represents a human behaviour that Berlyne (1962) calls “Human exploratory behaviour.”  This human behaviour includes expressive culture like the arts, sports and folklore.               According to Momsen (1999), the World Travel and tourism council estimated that tourists are spending 3.6 trillion dollars on goods and services directly or indirectly which is about 10.6 percent of the 1996 gross global product.  In addition, because of the number of people availing tourism services it has provided one out of ten jobs worldwide or around 25.5 million people employed in tourism related companies.   In the United States alone, the tourism industry was able to contribute at least ,000,000,000 to the country’s economy and was able to employ about 18,000,000 Americans with a combined salary of more than 0,000,000,000.               This means that more people depend on tourism for livelihood and that the decision of people to travel ultimately affects the source of income of others. As such, it is important to determine the deciding factors that affect consumer behaviour in relation to travel and tourism.               The following sections of the paper will be tackling influence factors and how they are able to contribute to the decision-making process of a tourist. Factors and influences to be discussed are demographics, motivation, learning, group, family, culture and subculture. A specific example will be given to illustrate how these influences and factors actually affected the decision making process. For this paper, the case of Joanne Wilson will be stated as an example.   Demographic Influences   Joanne is a 28-year-old employee from Melbourne. She is married with no kids. Her husband also works for the same company. Joanne is earning 0 AUD a week, while her husband is earning 0. Their combined salary is 4400 a month. This household income is allocated for utility bills, mortgage, food and transportation allowances among other expenses.   Their housing expenses is composed of ,144 for mortgage, 0 for water, 0 for gas, 00 for electricity, 5 for telephone and 0 for contents insurance. The expenses are shown on a per annum basis. These expenses run at 9 per week. On top of these, they spend around 0 for food, car and sports and recreation expenses. Therefore, their total household expenses for a week are 9.   This leaves them with 1 dollars. However, out of this only 200 dollars get to make it to their savings account. The other 1 goes to clothing, eating out and other luxury expenses.  Since November of last year, Joanne and her husband have been planning on going on vacation. For the last four months, they were able to save 0. Aside from their monthly saving of 0, they were able to add 00 from their annual Christmas bonus making their total saving 00. Based on Joanne’s perception, this amount of money is enough to allow them to travel locally. However, Joanne’s decision to travel was not solely due to the trust that their savings will allow them to do so. Other factors led to the Wilson’s decision to take their well-earned vacation.    For example, the couple do not have any children to worry about. They are practically free to go on vacation and experience days of relaxation away form the hassles of their works. This, according to Joanne, played a crucial role in their decision to go on vacation. In addition, their work actually allows them to go on vacation since they both have 3 weeks of unused vacation leaves. This means that there were no time restrictions to pull them away from taking a break. Age is also a factor that influenced the decision of the couple to travel. They are both in their late twenties. This means that they are old enough to savour the experiences of travelling. On the other hand, they are not that old to mind the physical activities associated with travelling.               Aside from income, marital status and age, gender also plays a great role in consumer behaviour. According to Bem’s Gender Schema Theory (1981a), individuals acquire their attitudes, traits and behaviours dependable on their gender identity. This means that people’s gender identity serve as their organizing principles and as such, they process information based on their gender identity. Nevertheless, this does not mean that it is solely based on the person being a male or a female. This is the case since gender identity pertains to the psychological sex of the individual (Spence 1984). Therefore, some males can be more feminine as some females while some females can be more masculine than some males.               In the case of Joanne and her husband’s decision to go on vacation, Joanne is leaning more towards the masculine females in comparison to her husband’s masculinity. This may be brought about by the fact that Joanne is earning more than her husband is. However, Joanne explained that her husband allows her to do the decision making when it comes to household related decisions. This includes planning trips for the two of them. She further explained that her husband is not a good planner and is not keen with budgeting that is why most of the purchasing power goes to her.   Nevertheless, her husband provides insight on items that will affect the two of them. The masculinity of Joanne in the household contributed to the decision to go on vacation since it is a determining factor in the decision making power of homemakers (Burns 1977). The claim that Joanne’s being a masculine female contributed to the decision to go on vacation was strengthen by Gentry and Doering’s claim that gender identity is a strong factor in the development of attitudes towards leisure activities (1977).   Motivation               Aside form the demographic factors, motivation also played a factor in the decision of Joanne to go on a vacation with her husband. There are several theories on consumer motivation. These consumer motivation theories offer different perspectives that will allow marketers to understand the motivations of consumers. In this section of the paper, six consumer motivation theories will be presented. At the end of this section, the applicable consumer motivation theory in the case of Joanne Wilson will be identified.               The first consumer motivation theory is hard-core behavioural perspective (Perner 2006). This perspective is based on conditionings that are operant and classical. This suggests that consumers learn through their own experiences.  Hard core behaviourists believe that it is important to reward good behaviour to the most possible extent. To them advertising is not of importance.               The second consumer motivation theory is Social Learning perspective. In contrast to hard-core behavioural perspective, social learning perspective leaves room for vicarious learning. This perspective implies that consumers learn by observing the positive or negative consequences of other people’s behaviour (Perner 2006). The experiences of friends or family members play a significant role in social learning perspective as well as advertising. This means that social learning theorists believe that consumers are influenced by what they see on television, hear on the radio, or read in newsprints. However, the strength of learning must be more than the strength of own experiences.               The third consumer motivation theory is the learning approach. This theory is geared more towards the idea of the thinking consumer rather than attributing consumerism to behaviours (Perner 2006). It is emphasized in this theory that consumers reason with themselves regarding the consequences of their decision to purchase or otherwise. Therefore, in the learning theory, culture holds a significant place since assumptions are culturally ingrained.               Biological approach pertains to the role that genetics paly in the consumption of products. This theory is more applicable to foods and beverages. This si the case since biological approach states that genetics dictates what a consumer wants to eat and therefore what the consumer will most likely purchase of grocery shelves. However, this theory is misleading. This si the case since it displaces the role that culture plays in the determination of food choices (Hawkins, Roger, Best & Coney 1998). It is the case that some culture have food preferences that also affect their consumer behaviours as individuals.               The next theory is Rational Expectation. It pertains to the economic way of looking at the world. This means that rationalists believe that people think rationally and have the perfect information (Perner 2006). However, it is often the case that their assumptions are unrealistic. The last consumer motivation theory is the psychoanalytic perspective.  This perspective looks upon the theories of Sigmund Freud. In addition, it looks at how sex and early childhood experiences unconsciously affect decisions latter in life (Hawkins, Roger, Best & Coney 1998).                In case of Joanne Wilson’s decision to take a vacation with his husband can be attributed to the psychoanalytic factor. This is the case since the decision was made partly because the location that visited was actually Joanne’s hometown.   Learning               Unlike other tourists, domestic or international, Joanne did not spend long hours surfing the internet to look for the perfect vacation spot. There was also no need to pick-up brochures and other information rich reading materials to help her in making the decision. This is the case since Joanne is familiar with her destination of choice. It was stated earlier that Joanne and her husband made their way to Joanne’s hometown for their vacation.   This means that Joanne will not be needing roadmaps to point them towards their destination. She does not need travel guides to tell her all abut the wonderful sights that they can visit. All of this information is recorded on the mind from her childhood years. She grew up in that town and spent quite long hour trekking and sight seeing. In addition, she did not need to look for accommodations since they would be staying at her parents’ house. In a way, Joanne’s vacation also doubled as her chance to reunite with friends and relatives that she was not able to visit for a long time.               It may seem that Joanne did not go through the learning process that affected her decision to go on vacation. However, she did go through the learning. The process that she went through is actually lengthier than the normal traveller’s learning process about a vacation destination. Her learning process started when she was just a kid. The memories of hiking with her father remind in her mind well into adulthood. When her father died shortly after she got married, she got afraid of immediately going back to her hometown.  However, the memories of happy times in the town were she grew up causes her bittersweet feeling, although, the sweetness often overcomes the bitterness. When Joanne would hear hiking, she would immediately associate with her hometown and get excited.               Joanne’s reaction can be explained by classical conditioning. Pavlov formulated classical conditioning (Bartels & Nelissen 2002). Classical conditioning has four parts – unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. To explain classical conditioning the famous experiment of Pavlov will be cited.   When Pavlov was formulating classical conditioning, he experimented with dogs and food. When dogs are being they salivate. At this stage, food is the unconditioned stimulus, while salivation is the unconditioned response. Pavlov then started pairing the feeding process with the sound of a bell. Initially, the sound is neutral since it does not have the capacity to elicit the unconditioned response. However, as a pairing continues the sounds takes the form of the conditioned stimulus. Since salivating occurs when the bell was rang, salivation is now considered as the conditioned response (as cited in Bartels & Nelissen, 2002).               The classical conditioning learning theory by Pavlov suggests that consumers can be taught to buy certain products.  All that needs to be done is to associate a product with a certain reaction. In the case of Joanne, the thought of hiking elicited the thought of going back to her hometown, which resulted to her feeling happy. Thus, Joanne learned that hiking is associated with a feeling of happiness. Clearly, this kind of thinking allowed Joanne to make the decision easily.   Group and Family Influences               Even though, Joanne has not been to her hometown for more than three years, she is still has an open line of communication with her friends and relative back at home. Internet and mobile phones are her tools in contacting her mom and siblings as well as other relatives and friends. They constantly share pictures over email. Long hours are also spent chatting or place VOIP calls. It is evident that despite being away from her family and friends, they still play a crucial role in her life.               In analysing the influence of family and friends in Joanne’s decision to take a vacation, it is important to determine the kinds of groups there are as well as the various degrees of influences. A framework that can be used in analysing the influence of family and friends on a consumer is the presence of reference groups (Solomon 2002). There are three kinds of groups being used to influence the decision making process of consumers.   First is the aspirational reference group. This group is composed of people or organization that a person would like to compare his or herself to. For example, athletes are being used to endorse products ranging from cereal to shoes. This is being done to convey the message that if consumers purchase and use the products being endorsed, there is chance that they will be associated with the endorser themselves (Solomon 2002).   The second reference group is Associative. This reference group is like the aspirational group, although this is more realistic. The third reference group is dissociative. This group is composed of people or organizations that people would not like to become. For example, younger people could not want to be associated with older people like their parents because they are thought of as uncool.               In the case of degree of influence, there are two degrees namely primary and secondary. As the name suggests, primary influences are more influence than secondary influences. It may be the case that secondary influence can only affect a certain area of a person’s decision-making process. In Joanne’s case, it can be considered that the primary influence is her husband and the secondary influences are her friends and family. Since her husband is a primary influence and he is in favour of taking the vacation, Joanne’s influenced by her husband wiliness to go.   Culture and Subcultural Influences               Culture is the way people look, analyse and understand the things around them. They give meaning to their environment and the people in it as well as the events that transpire based on their cultural background. This means that culture affects consumer behaviour directly. This section of the paper will be discussing the role of culture in consumer behaviour. The discussion will be used to determine how has culture contributed in Joanne’s decision to go on vacation.               There are two kinds of consumption – sacred and profane. Sacred consumption pertains to objects that are apart from everyday objects as such they are treated with respect. On the other hand, profane consumption involves ordinary or everyday objects (Ratneshwar, Mick & Huffman 2000). Therefore, they are not treated as special as sacred ones. However, it is the case that sacred objects can be transformed to profane objects or profane objects can be turned into sacred objects.               This reversal of attributes can happen through three. First, there is desacralization. This means that a sacred symbol has been displaced from its special attributes. This can happen when a famous painting is massed produced and sold to tourists (Ratneshwar, Mick & Huffman 2000). Another process is sacrilization. This is the reversed process of desacralization where profane objects are attributed sacred meanings. This usually occurs with the formation of fandome such as that of Elvis Presley.               In the case of Joanne’s decision to go on vacation, sacrilization occurred. This is the case since her hometown used to be a profane destination since she lived there. However, as time goes by, she got lesser and lesser chances of visiting the place and thus experiences in that place no longer occur on a daily basis. In addition, the thought of her deceased father lingers every time she thinks of her hometown.   This indicates that Joanne’s decision to go on vacation was influenced by the length of time that she was not able to visit the place. She is longing to go back to the things used to be when she lived close to her family and friends as well as the times when her father was still alive. All in all she wants to share the joys of reminiscing with the new man in her life – her husband.   Conclusion               In conclusion, the decision Joanne made about going on vacation is not merely due to the spare money that they have. I t may seem as the most obvious factors for the vacation. However, as the probing got deeper and deeper, it became apparent that a number of factors directly or indirectly influence Joanne. It is also the influences go to work in both the conscious and subconscious level.               There is more to making a product or service more attractive to consumer than just price wars. It is important to note how people perceive the product or service’s impact on their lives. Consumers want what is best for them. This means that products and services must appeal to consumers and present themselves in such a way that people will be able to see themselves actually using the products or services and loving them.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

To travel or not to travel?: a look at the consumer behaviour in travel and tourism

Introductio n “A hundred miles of travel is better than a thousand miles of scroll.” ...

Law

European and Universal Standards on Human Rights   Introduction               The European Convention on Human Rights was formed in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948 with the aim at securing the universal and effective recognition and observance of the Rights as declared.  As with Europe’s consideration on the Universal Standards, most of its provisions on Human Rights are in line with the Universal Standards as declared.                The collective purpose of the European Convention on Human Rights is set for Europe’s common interest in safeguarding democratic security throughout Europe and securing the foundations of an ever closer union among European states.  The convention is also designed to ensure that states respect human rights, the rule of law and the principles of pluralist democracy.  The sole requirement of the organization is the Convention Acceptance as well as the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court and the binding nature of its judgments ( 2001).    Evaluation of European and Universal Standards             In particular, this paper focuses on the right to life and prevention of torture and ill-treatment as one of the provisions in the Human Rights Convention.  There are a number of articles in the European Standards that are apparently based on the Universal Standards on the right to life.                In Article 5 of the Universal Standards stated that; “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” which the European Standard is also based upon that statement.  It is in the Article 3 in the European Standards that exactly stated that; “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”.  There would be no any question as to the difference between the two Standards as it is obviously the same literally.                 On the other hand, the following statement is the precise declaration of European Standard on Human Rights which will then be compared to that of the Universal Standard. Article 2 1.      Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 2.      Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary: o         (a) in defense of any person from unlawful violence; o         (b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent escape of a person lawfully detained; o         (c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection The most relevant Article in the Universal Standards to the above-statement would be the Article 11 which states that; Article 11 (1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed             The two articles from the two conventions have some difference.  Though it is not apparent, European Standards of Article 2 number 1 correlates with that of Article 11 number 1 of Universal Standards which generally points out on the protection of life by law and the person’s innocence until proven guilty.  Article 2 no. 2 specifies the provision in which a person shall be acquitted from a penal offense basing on the provisions stated; while the Article 11 no. 2 provides the timeframe relevant to the penal offense both locally and internationally.  Literally it would seems like there hasn’t been a noticeable difference but Europe at the time was legalizing death penalty which, on the contrary, against the Universal Standard.  That was the only big difference between the two Standards on Human Rights.  Fortunately, on 2001, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights approved a European Union motion asking countries to halt executions as a step toward the eventual abolition of the death penalty in aligning Europe’s Human Rights Standard to that of the Universal Standards.      Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Law

European and Universal Standards on Human Rights Introduction The European Convention on Human Rights was formed ...