Research Korner: IBM

Strategic Business Analysis: IBM

Strategic Business Analysis: IBM   Table of Contents  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Internal and External Factors Affecting IBM.. PAGEREF _Toc29163772 \h 2 SWOT Analysis. PAGEREF _Toc29163773 \h 3 Strengths. PAGEREF _Toc29163774 \h 4 Weaknesses. PAGEREF _Toc29163775 \h 5 Opportunities. PAGEREF _Toc29163776 \h 6 Threats. PAGEREF _Toc29163777 \h 7 Strategic Choices of IBM.. PAGEREF _Toc29163778 \h 8 Openness. PAGEREF _Toc29163779 \h 8 Reduction of the Cost of Service. PAGEREF _Toc29163780 \h 10 Justification of Strategic Resources. PAGEREF _Toc29163781 \h 11 Openness. PAGEREF _Toc29163782 \h 11 Reduction of the Cost of Service. PAGEREF _Toc29163783 \h 12 References. PAGEREF _Toc29163784 \h 13 Appendices. PAGEREF _Toc29163785 \h 14 Appendix A: IBM: Background Information.. PAGEREF _Toc29163786 \h 14 Table of Figures  TOC \h \z \c "Figure" Figure 1 SWOT Analysis of IBM.. PAGEREF _Toc217382641 \h 4 Figure 2 Openness Strategy. PAGEREF _Toc217382642 \h 9 Figure 3 Reduction of the Cost of Service. PAGEREF _Toc217382643 \h 10     Introduction             As of now, there are different internal and external factors that are affecting the performance of each and every individual in an organization and the overall performance itself. In addition, it can be seen that those companies that are operating in the global market are the one that are directly affected due to the different changes. The said change is driven by transformation of local and international market such as the financial and economic situation of the world, trends in the local and international market as well as the changing tastes, preferences and behaviors of the customers. All of the said factors are considered as connected with each other, thus creating changes that are important in order to sustain the position of a company in the global market.             As a result, more and more companies are focusing on the process of evaluation of their current position in the local and global market which focuses on analyzing their internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the different external environment factors that can cause threats and opportunities for the company. All of the said factors can be used in the process of decision-making in different activities and plans that are needed to be done in order to ensure competitive advantage and position in the market.   Internal and External Factors Affecting IBM             International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), also known as the Big Blue is a multinational computer technology and consulting corporation that is located in Armonk, New York, USA. IBM is considered as one of the few Information Technology (IT) companies with a continuous history that dates back to the19th century. The company sells computer hardware and software and offers different infrastructure services, hosting services as well as consulting services in different IT areas from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. Aside from that, IBM is considered as the world’s largest computer history and considered as the largest IT employer in the world with 355,000 employees (Loyola Institute of Technology & Management n.d.) (see Appendix A).   SWOT Analysis             SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool that is use n order to evaluate the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are involved in a project, business venture or in any other situation that requires a decision. Thus, the process of sizing up the internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external opportunities and threats helps to provide a quick overview of the strategic situation of an organization (Spalding & Case 2007, p. 110).      Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 SWOT Analysis of IBM                                                           Figure 1 shows the SWOT analysis of IBM, showing the current strengths, weaknesses, together with the opportunities that can be exploited and the threats that must be prevented. Strengths             The most important advantage of IBM is its image or brand. This is due to the fact that IBM was the first important player in the industry or in the field. The said aspect gives the company their competitive advantage due to the fact that they have already established a name as well as relationship with their customers. In 2003, IBM topped the study regarding the brand perception of IT services. Buyers of different IT services perceive IBM as the top brand in all vital aspects of the market. The result of the study had showed that most of the 197 respondents and consumers of IT services that were surveyed by Gartner put Big Blue as the top company in the business and IT consulting, systems development and integration, as well as IT outsourcing (Sharma 2003).             Another advantage is the strong global presence of the company. The IBM Business Continuity and Resiliency Services has a worldwide presence across four important geographies and provide consulting services as well as recovery support for the large systems, midrange and even distributed environment customers. In addition IBM brings their customers the convenience of doing business in their customer’s own language and culture because it can help to reduce efforts, time and cost of traveling, that enables an easy access to a business environment where in their customers will be comfortable (IBM).             In connection to the long history of the company, it enables them to get hold of different valuable intellectual property, software, patents as well as ideas due to the fact that they have established and gathered group of people with wide knowledge and skills regarding computers and application of IT. This enables the company to have a vast research and development aspect. Weaknesses             The most important weakness of the company is that it is starting to show a declining share in the market, due to the growing competition in the national as well as global business industry. In 2007, the market share of the company had decline, making HP its leading competitor to gain the previous number one place of IBM in the worldwide market share. HP narrowly beat IBM in terms of worldwide market share, showing a 29.6% points, compare to the 28.9% points to IBM. It is important to consider that HP’s gain over the year was IBM’s loss, which shows that the companies are switching places. However, both of the manufacturers had been able to report positive revenue growth per year (Harushka 2008).             It was mentioned in the strength of the company, that its human resource of work force is considered as the primary factors that drive the success of the company, however, it is always important to consider that too much of everything is bad. Thus, in the case of IBM, it has a huge employee population, and they are all highly paid. The said aspect can affect  the entire operation of the company in terms of the production cost. Aside from that, it can also affect the communication process and management activities inside the company because of the huge population. Opportunities             Currently, there are so many opportunities that can be exploited by the company in order to maintain their competitive advantage and eventually helps to continue the growth of the company in terms of size, sales and market share. One of the most important factors is the aspect of globalization. This can be done by market development, where in the company will focus on looking for new possible market. In addition, innovation is a very important aspect, thus it can be done by have a collaborative or partnership with other IT-related company in order to produce new products that will support the ever-changing needs of the clients. With connection to that said aspect, it will be important for the company to focus on the growing demand of the public and other organizations towards open source software. This is due to the fact that some of the competitors of the company and other players in the software and IT-services industries are offering products and services that are too high that cannot be afford by the clients, primarily those small businesses, but IT is considered as a must in most of the businesses.             Another opportunity of the company is the growing demand for IT and Information Systems. This is due to the fact that most of organizations, companies and businesses in the world are becoming more aware regarding the importance of application of technology, particularly IT in their processes.   Threats             The major threat that must be analyzed by the company is the current changes in the global economic and financial status. This is important because it will affect not only IBM, but also other businesses in the world. As a result, it will affect the individual performance of each and every client of IBM that will affect their buying behavior. The company will be hurt by the slowdown in the Systems and Technology business (Kanaracus 2008).             Another important aspect is the increasing competition. Due to the fact that computer is already considered as one of the basic needs of most of the individual, there are many IT companies that are entering the industry. And although the major competitor of IBM is Hewlett-Packard, it is also competing in some of small players or competitors such as Dell and Accenture.   Strategic Choices of IBM             Based on the said internal capabilities, the strategic choice of IBM must focus on two important aspects: the openness; and the reduction of cost of services. Openness   Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2 Openness Strategy                                                       It is important to consider the vitality of the current strength of the company and how it can be used in order to exploit the opportunities that can be found in the external environment. In the case of IBM, the primary strengths focus on the different technologies as well as knowledge that are available for the employees in order to start doing their innovation. In addition, the company also holds a strong team that focuses on research and development of the company.             On the other hand, the primary opportunity focuses on the fact that there is a growing demand for open-source products and services, in addition to that standards in the economic expansion. The said aspect is important due to the fact that customers from different part of the globe are looking for an integrated solution in order to solve their application development needs (Novell 2006).             The said action will be done by different partnership with different IT-related companies that are engaged in developing different open-source software and application. Open source is a human-readable source code that was made available under a copyright license that meets the Open Source Definition, where in it permits the users to use, change as well as improve the software, and then redistributes it. More often, than not, it is developed publicly and collaboratively. The reason behind the growth of demand for open source software is that it enables the customers to save up to $60 billion every year (Rothwell 2008; The Standish Group 2008).             The said strategy will help IBM to focus on the greater demand of the customers, thus, making the company more aware regarding the behavior of the customers. It is also important to consider that the said strategy will help to boost the image of the company towards their customers, due to the fact that the company is helping their clients to save money and effort. Reduction of the Cost of Service   Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3 Reduction of the Cost of Service                                           Figure 3 shows the reduction of cost and services strategy of IBM. The main weakness of the company focuses on the huge population with very high salary or pay. There is nothing bad about offering high salary or payment for the service or effort of the employees due to the fact that it is considered as one of the major driver of motivation inside an organization. As a result, it can help to improve the performance of each and every individual, and then later on reflect on the overall performance of the company. However, due to the different changes that are happening inside and outside the environment of the company, particularly during the time of global economic and financial crisis, it is important to focus on the negative impact of huge population and high salaried employees of the company, even though, they are considered as very talented and skilled employees. The company must focus on the fact that the human resource cost can affect the entire pricing strategy towards the products and services that the company is offering, as a result, the company will not be able to compete in terms of price.              On the other hand, the company can also take advantage of the low labor cost in China. This can be done by establishing production sites and headquarters in China. The per-hour cost for an employee in an American or European plant is between $15 and $30 or evens more, and this is mainly dependent on the decision of the workers’ union in the plant, the location and degree of welfare the plant provides. On the other hand, in China, the average per-hour cost for a worker in a Chinese plant is below 1 dollar, showing a dozen times lower compare to the two first mentioned nations (People’s Daily Online 2004).   Justification of Strategic Resources Openness   The said strategy will help the company to lessen their labor cost that will later on reflect in their production cost. In addition, it can help the company to focus on the competitive advantage that will focus on price differentiation. This is due to the fact that more and more people, especially those from developing countries that are looking for computers and IT-services that are affordable. By doing this, the company will be able to hit two birds in one stone, where in first it will help to lessen their production cost that will help to focus on the pricing strategy of the company; at the same time, focuses on the changing demands and behavior of the customers regarding their products and services.   Reduction of the Cost of Service             The reduction of the cost of services, particularly the outsourcing can help the company to save money or cost in terms of human resource, especially today that the world is facing financial problems. In order to prevent the said future problem regarding the financial negative impact of having huge human resource, it will be important for the company to lessen the number of employees. On the other hand, outsourcing can be applied in order to save time, money and effort. Outsourcing is considered as a contracting activity with another company or person in order to do jobs function. As of now, most of the company is outsourcing in some and different ways. More often than not, the functions that are being outsourced are considered as a non-core activity to the business (Sourcingmag.com 2008). The said strategy will help the company to save money due to the fact that the outsourcing company will be directly responsible in the process of selection, hiring and positioning employees to a given project.     References   Harushka, J 2008, HP Passess IBM in Server Market Share as Segment Booms, Ars Technica, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://arstechnica.com/news .ars/post/20080523-hp-passes-ibm-in-server-market-share-as-segment-bo oms.html>   IBM, Worldwide Presence, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/bcrs/html/worldwide.html>   Kanaracus, C 2008, IBM Q3 Rises, But Signs of Downturn Loom, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://www.techworld.com.au/article/264158/ibm_q3 _revenue_rises_signs_downturn_loom>   Loyola Institute of Technology & Management, IBM, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://www.litam.ac.in/companies/ibm.html>   Novell, IBM and Novell Join Forces to Support Growing Demand for Open Source, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://www.novell.com/news/press/i bm-and-novell-join-forces-to-support-growing-demand-for-open-source/>   People’s Daily Online 2004, China’s Advantage in Low Labor Cost will Remain in Coming Decade, Report, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://engli sh.peopledaily.com.cn/200409/07/eng20040907_156220.html>   Rothwell, R 2008, Creating Wealth With Free Software, Free Software Magazine, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/com munity_posts/creating_wealth_free_software>   Sharma, D 2006, IBM Top of IT Services Brand Perception Study, Silicon.com, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://management.silicon.com/itdire ctor/0,39024673,10006300,00.htm?r=2>   Spalding, G & Case, G 2007, Continual Service Improvement: Continual Service Improvement, The Stationery Office   Sourcingmag.com 2008, Outsourcing – What is Outsourcing? Viewed 18 December 2008, <http://www.sourcingmag.com/content/what_is_outs ourcing.asp>   The Standish Group 2008, Free Open Source Software is Costing Vendor $60 Billion, viewed 18 December 2008, <http://www.standishgroup.com/news room/open_source.php>         Appendices   Appendix A: IBM: Background Information

Strategic Business Analysis: IBM

Strategic Business Analysis: IBM Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Internal and External Factors Affecting IBM ...

Strategic Management Assignment - IBM

Strategic Management Introduction             Every business is subject to factors that affect the firm’s function as a whole.  These factors are the ones attributed for the success or even the failure of a business.  In a profit making business the firm obviously has to try and achieve this level of customer satisfaction as a way of staying ahead of the competition and making a profit. In this manner, the management of a certain organization should be guided by strategic management principle to be able to attain its business goal.  Crafting strategy is not a responsibility in which managers can get by with opinions, good instincts and creative thinking. Herein, the management must ensure that the industry should have competitive advantage and that the company’s must be able to utilize its own competitive capabilities, resources, internal strengths and weaknesses ( 2003).             It is also important to consider the marketing environment of a certain organization.  Herein, an industry’s marketing environment is composed of the actors and elements outside marketing which influences the ability of the marketing management in developing and maintaining the successful operation with its target market. In addition, the concept of marketing environment shows both opportunities and threats to the industry. There are two types of marketing environment: microenvironment and macro environment. The first type is composed of the forces close to the industry which affect its ability in providing service to their customers. This includes the industry’s suppliers, regulators, customers and competitors. On the other hand, macro environment includes the economic conditions, socio-cultural, legal-political, technological and natural environment. The main goal of this paper is to provide analysis for the micro and macro environmental forces which affects IBM.    a) Potential Impacts of External Environment to IBM             IBM is one of the leaders in developing, inventing and manufacturing the most advanced information technologies and systems such as software, computer systems microelectronics and storage systems.  However, before IBM had become competitive, it faces different problems and issues in the past years. With this, the company had been through many changes just to ensure that the company will be adapted to the changing market environment.  The external environments that affect IBM can be considered as one of the most important driving forces which may lead the company to become more competitive in the marketplace both local and international level.             Through these external forces, the company will be able to determine their best assets and utilized the most suitable management system to ensure that the company will adhere to its organizational goal of providing high quality products and services among its customer as well as giving them innovative and technologically advanced systems.   One of the potential impacts of this environment is to make IBM the most in-demand industry when it comes to computer and software products. Herein, the macro and micro environment of IBM make the company more adaptable from its business functions with regards to its software manufacture and to its hardware manufactures. The company can also realize that some of these environmental factors can be used to make the company a strong competitor.  As noted, one of the most important external factors is the emergence of information technology. Since, IT is the main core of the IBM’s business operations and performances; it enables the company to provide state of the art computer systems, software and hardware for the customers worldwide. Most importantly, these new information technologies also involve new deployment strategies that will bring broadband internetworking applications to the domestic mass market which may be useful for IBM.  As part of these new methods of interactions between humans and computers, more individuals have been dependent on the electronic creation, storage and transmittal of personal, financial and other confidential information which demands highest security (1993).  People rely mostly on computers because it provides them with complete access to time sensitive data, regardless of physical location. These devices includes mobile phones, office PCs, and home entertainment system that helps humans to access that information and work together in one seamless, integrated system.     Alternative Solutions             The management system and strategy of each and every organization is accountable for the maintenance of the organization’s strength and survival in the stiff competition in the world.  Having been able to analyze the potential impact of the external marketing environment of IBM, it is therefore essential that the company should consider the implementation of different approaches in management. There are many marketing and management concepts, models and ideas that an organization can choose.  Due to the existence of competitions within and outside the marketing arena, it is therefore very significant for a company to establish strategic management and set a strategic plan for its development and improvement. It is for the reason that the twenty-first-century realities of globalization, rapid changes in technology, increasing competition, a changing workforce, changing market and economic conditions, and developing resource shortages all increase the complexity of modern management. Whereas strategic planning was a competitive advantage in the past decade, it is a necessity of global thinking in this century. Successful companies are, of course, the first to consider the global marketplace as their arena for competition In this case, the two alternative strategies that IBM may use are the concept of total quality management and operations management.             Total Quality Management is a structured system for satisfying internal and external customers and suppliers by integrating the business environment, continuous improvement, and breakthroughs with development, improvement, and maintenance cycles while changing organizational culture. Furthermore, TQM is a set of management practices throughout the organization, geared to ensure the organization consistently meets or exceeds customer requirements. TQM places strong focus on process measurement and controls as means of continuous improvement (McNamara, 1999).   The TQM philosophy of management is customer-oriented which will be suitable for IBM’s mission and goal. Moreover, if the company will utilize this, all members of a total quality management (control) will have the ability to systematically manage the improvement of the organization through the ongoing participation of all employees in problem solving efforts across functional and hierarchical boundaries. TQM incorporates the concepts of product quality, process control, quality assurance, and quality improvement.             Moreover, Total Quality Management is infinitely variable and adaptable. Although originally applied to manufacturing operations, and for a number of years only used in that area, TQM is now becoming recognized as a generic management tool, just as applicable in service and public sector organizations (1998).              Although, TQM encompasses many advantages for IBM, it also has disadvantage. Herein, the company may face problems in terms the human resources.  IBM must be able to have skilful employees to meet the standards of the TQM, if the human resources will not be able to do their job effectively, the whole concept of TQM implementation will not be successful.             Operations management is all about transforming raw inputs in the form of labor, material, and capital into useful goods and services.  The value that is added by both operations management and operations strategy is fundamental to most organizations. Operational activities are central to the provision of services and/or goods. Every organization that offers goods or services has an operations activity ( 1985). As far as the organization structure is concerned, some firms will have a discrete operations function. This might be called a manufacturing department, an operations system, or have no identifiable name at all. Operations management focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services. Usually, small businesses do not emphasize "operations management", but they carry out the activities that management schools typically associate with the phrase "operations management." Major, overall activities often include product creation, development, production and distribution. Related activities include managing purchases, inventory control, quality control, storage, logistics and evaluations. A great deal of focus is on efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, operations management often includes substantial measurement and analysis of internal processes. Ultimately, the nature of how operations management is carried out in an organization depends very much on the nature of products or services in the organization, for example, retail, manufacturing, wholesale, etc. The only disadvantage of operations management is it is very complex and the operations and activities attached into it may cause some problems and conflicts within the management of IBM.

Strategic Management Assignment - IBM

Strategic Management Introduction Every business is subject to factors that affect the firm’s function as a whole. These...

Functions Of Management Paper

Four functions of management       Planning Neither should it be supposed that any science of management can embrace all the factors entering into the practice of management. Into every branch of industry the human factor enters, and where that factor exists, there must always remain a field outside the province of science (Sheldon & Thompson, 2003). No amount of scientifically determined facts and principles can materially affect the problem of labor, except by indirect means. In so far as management deals with things, its methods can be reduced to terms of scientific principle; but in so far as it deals with men and women, it can only use scientific principles to the extent that the men and women are willing to subject themselves to them. Planning is not control; it rather draws up the necessary regulations which control puts into practice. Planning determines that a certain volume of products shall be manufactured according to a certain schedule by a certain time. It bases such a plan upon the information provided by the function of Comparison. Administration then ensures that all the functions combine effectively for the execution of that plan. Planning is also distinct from Design. Design lays down the character of the product, and makes the necessary specifications. Planning makes the scheme for its production; Administration controls the carrying out of the scheme (Sheldon & Thompson, 2003).  Planning is known as the procedure of creating and maintaining a plan. Planning focuses on the process of determining and implementing the activities that will be needed to create the desired goal of the company. Planning helps the company IBM to create a blue print. This blue print helps the firm achieve business growth and it serves as the company's road map to development. Planning gives IBM an idea of the objectives it might want to achieve. Organizing Organizing consists of a set of processes aimed at institutionalizing human interaction and, as such, it is intimately related to quasi-formal cognition. Actors attribute motives to each other and, seeing actions recur, they typify the motives as recurrent. Institutionalized human interaction gives rise to patterns and regularities which are, in principle, amenable to algorithmic compressibility. Knowledge of regularities is cast in a prepositional mould so that the right type of action can be initiated in the right type of circumstance. Thus, prepositional knowledge is closely linked with the institutional dimension of organizing: organized contexts     tend to be, by design, institutionalized systems, replete with regularities which can be represented via prepositional knowledge (Chia, 1998). The meanings of system and organization resemble each other. Organizing means establishing procedures, whether by a group for themselves or by one group on behalf of another. Before the organization’s appearance, what exists is an emergent social structure, exchanges and competitions, forces, attempts to exercise power, and so on. The task of research consists in describing organizations, and explaining observed variations of organizational characteristics. That would be the basis for a genuine theory of organizations, strategy as the only way of producing such a theory (Chia, 1998). Organizing involves the assignment of tasks to individuals after planning has been done. Organizing helps IBM to group tasks into departments. Organizing helps IBM in determining the best individual that will be given some authority. It makes sure that IBM has a chain of command that must be followed, and those who lead have a certain authority and responsibility. Organizing also determines the allocation of resources across the company. Leading In order to be successful, individuals within organizations must be equipped to cope with an unpredictable marketplace and chaotic change. This requires leadership capabilities focused on leading and managing organizations that are in constant flux, facing new challenges that require new solutions virtually every day (Mannix & Peterson, 2003). Leading is not just about the rational and the factual. Instinct, experience, and intuition all have a part to play. But in the increasingly open, transparent world, observers of leaders demand reasons and rationale (Chien, Wu, S & Wu, J 2009).  Leading focuses on making sure that the personnel given goals will be on the right path. Being on the right path means that the firm is achieving growth and it has gained new clients. Leading makes sure that the personnel who were involved in the planning and organizing process would on the right path to achieving the goals set. Leading means that the firm would only choose strategies that will bring more benefits than problems. IBM uses leading to make sure that those given authority and responsibility would have the assistance they need to achieve goals. IBM uses leading to make sure that those who have authority in the company will not find it difficult to run the firm. IBM uses leading to restrict some actions they believe would not help the firm. IBM uses leading to criticize activities or strategies that do not help the firm achieve a good image IBM uses leading to help employees to act accordingly and be assets rather than liabilities. IBM uses leading to instruct the employees on what they should do on certain situations and what characteristics/attitudes they should improve.  IBM uses leading to make sure that the employees will be motivated to perform according to standards. Controlling Privatization entails a shift in the objectives of the principal, since the ownership changes now link rewards to the share price. Thus, like the market for corporate control, the new ownership arrangements must consider the type of managerial governance structures which will induce performance in a new regulatory and competitive environment. This provides a perspective on the policy issues debated in key areas such as communications and utilities (Merchant, 1988). Disciplining of inefficient management is best handled by an outside take-over by shareholders; hence, the stock-market operates as an external monitor of management, in that the share value of the firm reflects the relative efficiency of the management. Thus, the market for corporate control operates to discipline managements which fail to act in the interests of shareholders (McCahery, Picciotto & Scott, 1994). Controlling is done after a firm has already created a plan, organized the actions that will be used and made sure that the actions will be properly guided.  Controlling a firm would require its own strategies to ensure that the result would benefit the firm. Controlling a firm would require the use of control mechanism to organize the whole process and make sure that the firm would maintain its goals as it is being controlled. Controlling is done in the end of the implementation of a new strategy. Controlling is done in the end because it is where problems come out. IBM uses control to check the errors it makes. IBM uses control to determine if any new action has errors. IBM determines if new strategies and actions should continue implementation or should be thought over. It uses control methods to take needed action so that changing of standards will be minimized and the company's goals will be achieved.   References Chia, C.H. (1998). In the realm of organization: Essays for Robert Cooper. London.   Chien, Y.C., Wu, S.C. & Wu, J.T. (2009). Identification of      physical parameters controlling the dominance of algal species in a subtropical reservoir.  Water Science & Technology, 60(7), 1779-1786.   Dixon, J. (2003). Responses to governance: Governing      corporations, societies, and the world. Westport, CT:      Praeger.   Mannix, E.A. & Peterson, R.S. (Eds.). (2003). Leading and managing people in the dynamic organization. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.   McCahery, J., Picciotto, S. & Scott, C. (Eds.). (1994). Corporate control and accountability: Changing structures and the dynamics of regulation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.   Merchant, K.A. (1988). Progressing toward a theory of marketing control: A Comment. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 40.   Sheldon, O. & Thompson, K. (Eds.). (2003). The philosophy of management. New York: Routledge. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Functions Of Management Paper

Four functions of management Planning Neither should it be supposed that any science of management can embrace all the fact...