Research Korner: Spa Treatment

Spa Therapy

Spa Treatment Introduction             Throughout the history, people have been interested in the medicinal value of water. The medical world has viewed water with different opinions, from very enthusiastic to extremely critical, and from beneficial to harmful. As early as 500 BC, the Greeks are reported to indulge in a variety of social baths. The Romans were also keen in the medicinal value of the water and spas were a major place for relaxation social interaction in ancient Rome. The history of the Spa industry is colorful and the interest in water has fluctuated from century to century and from nation to nation. Today, spa therapy is receiving renewed attention from medical specialties and health tourists, and having a revival. The modern spa has hit mainstream and gaining global renown. Different types of spas are emerging to meet the demands and wants of the ever-changing market. Modern spas are not only seen as a place where one can experience the medical benefits. Modern spas have become a great place for people to make lifestyle changes. They are also excellent places for education, and at times, places of instant change. The medical field and the spa field are becoming intertwined. Consumers want the expertise of the medical community but they love the spa environment. The spa industry has made a huge impact on different industries such as the tourism, hospitality and the medical field.       History and Development             The term Spa is believed to be derived from the name of a Belgian town – Spa. In the 14th century, a curative, thermal spring was discovered in Spa. Spa is also believed to be derived from the Latin word “spagere” which means to scatter, sprinkle, and moisten) or it may be an acronym of the Latin phrase “sanitas per aquas” which means health through water. Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire             In classical times, taking the waters used to be a popular treatment for a wide range of diseases. The Greeks loved to bathe in fresh water from natural resources. Initially, bathing was confined to the more wealthy people in private baths, but public baths were soon opened. Spas were considered sacred and were dedicated to some deities. Initially bathing only served cleansing and hygienic purposes but soon it became popular for its health benefits and its ability to cure some diseases. Hippocrates proposed the hypothesis that the cause of all diseases lay in an imbalance of bodily fluids. He advised that in order to regain the balance, a change in habits and environment is needed. This included bathing, perspiration, walking, and massages. Because of the Greeks’ influence, the Romans also built thermal baths located at mineral and thermal springs. Spas served as recreation centers for soldiers. In contrast with the Greeks, who took the waters after intensive physical exercises, the Romans considered the baths more important than gymnastics alone. The Roman baths served as a center for relaxation, socializing, cleansing and a place where one can find medical treatment. The Roman Spa treatment can come as application of water to afflicted parts of the body, immersion of the whole body in the water, and drinking excessive quantities of water. There were three type of baths that developed in ancient Rome, home baths (balnea), private baths (balnea private), and public baths (balnea publica) that were run by state. Thermae was developed along with the introduction of the aqueducts. Thermaes are large impressive edifices that can hold thousands of people. Baths were truly a place of social interaction. Many Romans built baths in newly conquered lands all over Europe. Throughout the years, the roman bathing gradually changed towards a place for relaxation and pleasure, rather than for medical treatment, although this was still provided. The Romans preferred to use the baths and very hot waters for renewing their appetites and thirst, and the baths became, rather, centers for various sexual practices. The Roman baths became a place for sexual pleasures and deterioration of morals became evident. Dark and Middle Ages             Bathing culture became disreputable during the collapse of the Roman Empire and as a result, bathing became prohibited. The rise of Christianity added to the decay of the bathing culture. Faith in cure through worship and praying was regarded as more important than a medicinal bath. Baths were redeveloped as churches although some aristocrats who were not affected of the Church’s decrees continued to enjoy baths.       Renaissance             In the 16th century, baths were considered a source of contagious diseases such as syphilis, plague, and leprosy. It also became a dangerous meeting place for political and religious dissidents. Baths became expensive and majority of people who have been impoverished by wars cannot afford it anymore. But affluent people continue to visit the baths, although they preferred to go to baths from natural sources with warm, mineral water instead of the public baths. The new bathing culture that had developed in Italy gradually spread over other parts of Europe. There were two types of spa that developed during this period. Once was hot springs that are for drinking and bathing and the other was cold springs which were for drinking cures only. Medical Doctors created spas not as a center for leisure but as centers for treatment. Much attention was paid to purging, drinking cures, eating well balanced diets and bathing. 19th and 20th Centuries             Interest in the bathing grew around 1800. Mineral water was examined and tested to unlock the secrets of its curative values. Doctors believed that nature has a cure for every disease and the key lies in the analysis of the water’s components. Individual treatments were prescribed, based on the composition and temperature of the water. Also, combinations of treatments were developed consisting of hot and cold baths, herbal baths, mud packs, active physical exercises, massages, and diets. The development of guesthouses and hotels that use mineral waters became a major change in Europe and North America. Spa resorts became not only a place for the elite society to meet but also a place where one can find people from different walks of life. Spas became creativity centers for painters, writers and composers. In the past decades, a big shift in the use of mineral water for treating diseases have taken place in continental Europe. The medical benefits of bathing were acknowledged by medical professionals that caused the flourish of spas in Europe. Bathing was normally combined with different treatments such as physical exercises, hydrotherapy, and mud packs. Development of Modern Spas             The United States became one of the centers of spa innovation in the world beginning 1850s. Several famous people visited spas like New York’s Saratoga Springs. In 1910, Elizabeth Arden introduced the first day spa – Red Door Salon in Manhattan. The day spa offered manicures, facials and the signature “Arden Wax”. Another innovation was introduced by Deborah Szekeley when she opened the first destination spa in Baja, California in 1958. She also pioneered the first Golden spa in California, which offered individualized weight loss and fitness programs and aerobics. In 1974, the first fitness spa also opened in California. Medical spas were introduced by innovative US doctors in 1997. They combined Western and holistic medicine in a luxurious, spa-inspired environment alongside spa services.             Alongside with these developments and innovation, the spa which was originally available for rich women seeking to lose weight became a relevance in the society that is increasingly focusing on prevention, healthy lifestyles, fitness, spirituality and relaxation. The spa is now a place for diverse people with different lifestyle pursuits. Spas have become a place where one can engage in medical and spiritual programs. Modern spas also have facilities for outdoor adventures and exotic travel. Spas have gone global, located virtually at every world region. The spa aesthetic has also influenced everything from fashion and cosmetics, to architecture, home décor, and cuisine. Medical Benefits of Spa Treatment             Thermal bath spas, like the ones located in the English city of Bath, are famous for curing different illnesses. Bath was famous for curing paralysis, even in those patients who were regarded as incurable. The treatment consisted of bathing, drinking cures, diet, and purges. Patients who are sick with paralysis and already been treated elsewhere but still could not find cure go to Bath. Many of these patients were cured after staying in Bath for months. In the past decade several randomized controlled trials have studied the effects of spa therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Patients were randomly allocated to receive spa therapy. Overall, the results showed positive effects lasting for three to nine months.             Hydrotherapy is effective in helping people with soft tissue injuries, arthritis and other joint related illnesses. Many people enjoy the medical benefits of hydro massage on sore muscles, stiff joints and circulation. Hydro exercise has been found by medical experts as a way to enhance mood and it can improve self-esteem and a sense of accomplishment. Hot water can also help in reducing pain by stimulating the body to release endorphins. The massage action of spa’s warm bubbles further helps to relax tense muscles by relieving pressure in surrounding nerve groups. Spa treatments can also aid in weight loss and alleviating stress. Relaxing and soaking in warm water is also beneficial for people with sleep problems. Popular Spa Services and Treatments 1. Therapeutic Massage             Therapeutic massage involves the manipulation of the muscles of the body. Massage has a calming effect on the nervous system and aids in promoting relaxation and well-being. It can also reduce tension and anxiety. Massage can also improve blood circulation. Massage can prevent muscle cramps and spasms. 2. Facial             Another popular spa treatment is the facial. Facial includes analysis of the skin, deep cleansing, massage, toning, and moisturizing. 3. Body Treatments             Body treatments are facials for the whole body. One of the popular body treatments is body scrub, an exfoliating treatment that rubs off dead skin cells. Body scrubs are often combined with a detoxifying or hydrating body wrap. 4. Reflexology             Reflexology is treatment that targets the feet. The theory behind reflexology is that there are reflex points in the feet, hands and ears that relate to specific organs and glands in the body. Reflexology has a relaxing effect that can be felt all over one’s body. 5. Body Wrap             Body wrap originally targeted weight loss by wrapping the body tightly with bandages or plastic wrap. Today body wraps are usually treatments that uses a body mask commonly made of algae, seaweed, mud, clay, lotion or cream. Body wraps aid in detoxification and helps in eliminating toxins from the body through metabolic stimulation. Some body wraps can also aid in hydrating the skin and making the skin smooth and soft. 6. Thai Massage             Most spas offer Thai massage. Thai massage is one of the newest and hottest massages today. It was developed by Buddhist monks in Thailand as a healing technique. Thai massage targets the energy line of the body to increase flexibility, alleviate the tension of the muscles and joints and aids in balancing the energy systems of the body through passive stretching and gentle pressure. 7. Hot Stone Massage             Smooth and heated stones are used in this kind of massage. The stones that are being use are mostly basalt. Basalt is a volcanic rock that is black in color and has the ability to absorb and retain heat. This massage is deeply soothing and relaxing. It aims to release tight muscles using heat. 8. Spa Manicure and Pedicure             Spa manicure and pedicure includes an aromatic salt rub, or hydrating mask or paraffin dip that can make it last longer and feel more luxurious.       Types of Spa 1. Resort and Hotel Spas             Resort and hotel spa offers a wide selection of different recreational activities and facilities that includes full-service spa. Included activities are golf, tennis, horseback riding, skiing, and different water sports. Resort and hotel spas also offer dining options for the customers. The spa treatment often compliments the stay of the guests in the resort or hotel. 2. Destination Spas             All guests can participate in the full-immersion spa experience that a destination spa provides. Customers experience personalized spa experience that includes fitness programs, body treatments, spa cuisine and wide array of therapeutic spa treatments. Destination spas provide spa style treatments with accommodation or spas within accommodation environments. 3. Connoisseur Spas             Connoisseur Spas often cater to affluent markets. They offer extraordinary ambiance, luxurious accommodations, top of the line equipments and exceptional spa services. Connoisseur spas also offer outstanding cuisines. 4. Casino Spas             Casino spas offer different gaming facilities alongside with relaxing spa treatments. Vacationers need not live the premises if they choose to participate in a game of chance. This type of spa caters to vacationers who seek excitement and spa luxury at the same time. 5. Day Spas             Day spas offer simple and flexible ways of incorporating spa experience into your busy daily life. Day spas offer customers with the best breaks from their daily routine that often includes massages that soothes both the body and mind, beautifying facials and body wraps that seek to rejuvenate the body. Day spas provide professionally administered spa services that are offered to clients on a daily basis with appropriate day spa facilities. 6. Cosmetic Medical Spas             Cosmetic medical spas are often supervised by a licensed healthcare professional. Cosmetic medical spas integrate both the atmosphere of clinical-grade aesthetic enhancement and spa treatment concepts. Cosmetic Medical Spas offer cosmetic medical procedures, beauty and spa therapies. 7. Wellness Medical Spas             Wellness and preventive care are some of the major offerings of this spa type. Wellness medical spas often combine western medical concepts and complementary philosophies. 8. Dental Spas             Dental spas offer a spa luxury by incorporating spa elements into the dental practice. A dental spa integrates dental therapy with spa services. 9. Mobile Spas             Mobile spas offer services such as facials, massages, manicures and pedicures at the customer’s home or office. 10. Natural Bathing Spas             Natural bathing spas operate within a retreat location, offering extensive use of communal bathing in naturally occurring waters or mud pools with a full range of Spa services may or may not provide on site guest accommodation. A. Mineral Spring Spa                                             B. Hot Spring Spa C. Natural Mud Spa                                                 D. Sea Water Spa 11. Salon Spas             Salon Spas are beauty therapy and/or hair businesses with minimal water facilities and minimal guest amenities, which offer body therapy treatments. This type of spa aspires to provide high spa level of service and present a spa style holistic approach. 12. Spa Retreat             Spa retreat is an accommodation-based facility, offering spa and body treatments, with some water based therapy. It also offers spa cuisine or healthy food option. 13. Health Spa             Health spas operate within a retreat location, offering a full range of spa services and wellness programs that address the client’s health and lifestyle needs, providing on site guest accommodation.   Spa Equipments 1. Vicky shower – an important equipment fro a spa that is used for washing clay wraps, salts scrubs away quickly while giving the client with soothing hydro massage. 2. Wet table – a self-draining table that makes wet body treatments more easy to perform. 3. Massage chair – a massage chair that has an adjustable face cradle and chest support are being used to provide better access to the thoracic and scapular regions. Massage chairs must be versatile and at the same time comfortable. 4. Lomi Lomi tables – combination of features from other tables make lomi lomi table makes it suitable for different kinds of treatments and therapies. It has different features that will truly increase client comfort. 5. Rainbar Vicky shower – suspended from the ceiling with a flexible hose connection that allows the versatility of wet table being placed in any part of the room. 6. Lagoon wet table – makes wet body treatments like mud masks and salt scrubs easy to perform. The large draining hole that is located at the foot of the table makes drainage easier and keeps water and other materials away from the client’s head. 7. Scotch hose – a jet hose that projects water. This equipment is used to speed up the metabolism of the client by direct contact of hot and cold pressurized water to the points of pressure of the client. 8. Hydrotherapy tub – used to relieve tension in muscles and joints by providing underwater body massage. A hydrotherapy tub combines water with air jets. 9. Hot towel cabinet – used to hold towels at around 160 degrees. Commonly used for hygienic purposes. 10. Swiss shower – has a number of showerheads that are adjustable for the direction of water flow and pressure of the water.   Spa Facilities 1. Sauna 2. Steam Room 3. Spa Pool 4. Hot Tub 5. Plunge Pool 6. Relaxation Room / Lounge 7. Spa Restaurant 8. Atrium Pool 9. Physical Fitness Center    Spa Etiquette 1. Advance booking is important because some resort and hotel spas often fill up fast. 2. Be sure to inform the therapist or booking agent if you have any type of medical condition because some treatments may not be advisable for you. 3. On the day of the treatment, avoid exposure to the sun and don’t take any alcoholic beverages. 4. Don’t bring your valuable and jewelry with you to the spa. To avoid all worries and stress leave them in the hotel or resort’s safe. 5. Always try to arrive early so you can enjoy an unhurried transition into the spa. After the treatment, it is customary to vacate the room within five to ten minutes. You can spend your relaxation time ate the spa’s waiting or relaxation room. 6. On the day of the treatment, try not to take any food an hour before your schedule. Avoid consuming alcoholic beverages. Drink plenty of water. 7. Don’t smoke inside the spa premises. 8. Be sure to communicate your preferences to the therapist or personnel. Feel free to make inquiries and ask explanations about the treatment’s aspects that you do not understand.   Communication and Contraindications 1. Exfoliation             The spa therapist must explain the various methods of exfoliation to the customer. The therapist must explain the method of application for various methods of exfoliation at the point in the treatment plan in which they should be used. The therapist must also explain the contraindications of exfoliation. Total Contraindications 1. Any form of infection, disease or fewer 2. Under the influence of recreational drugs or alcohol 3. Diarrhea and vomiting 4. With medical, GP or specialist permission in circumstances – where written permission cannot be obtained, clients must indemnify their condition in writing prior to treatment. Pregnancy; Cardio vascular conditions; Hemophilia; Any condition already being treated by a GP or another complementary practitioner; Arthritis; Nervous or Psychotic conditions; Osteoporosis; Epilepsy; Recent operations; Diabetes; etc. 2. Steam and Sauna             The spa therapist must be able to explain the therapeutic effects of steam and therapeutic effects of steam and sauna treatments and must be able to explain the differences between wet and dry heat. The therapist must also explain the safety procedures required for each treatment. The therapist must explain the contraindications to Steam and Sauna. Total Contraindications 1. Any form of infection, disease or fewer 2. Under the influence of recreational drugs or alcohol 3. Diarrhea and vomiting 4. With medical, GP or specialist permission – in circumstances where written medical permission cannot be obtained clients must indemnify their condition in writing prior treatment. Pregnancy; Cardiovascular conditions; Hemophilia; Any condition already being treated by a GP or another complementary practitioner; medical edema; Any dysfunctions of the nervous system; Bells Palsy; Inflamed Nerve; Cancer; Postural deformities; Kidney infections; etc. 3. Body Masks/Wraps             The therapist must explain and ensure appropriate client care at all times. It is the therapist’s responsibility to explain and select a suitable mask for the area to be treated. The therapist must be able to explain the ingredients and their function in accordance with the manufacture’s details, The masks or wraps must be appropriately applied and demonstrate thorough removal after treatment time has elapsed. The therapist must update the client’s records accordingly. The Clients must also understand the contraindications to wraps and masks. Total Contraindications 1. Any form of infection, disease or fewer 2. Under the influence of recreational drugs or alcohol 3. Diarrhea and vomiting 4. With medical, GP or specialist permission – in circumstances where written medical permission cannot be obtained clients must indemnify their condition in writing prior treatment. Pregnancy; Cardio vascular conditions; Hemophilia; Any condition already being treated by a GP or another complementary practitioner; Arthritis; Nervous or Psychotic conditions; Osteoporosis; Epilepsy; Recent operations; Diabetes; etc. 4. Sea Water and Seaweed Treatments             The therapist must explain the different types of seaweed and their uses. The therapist must be able to explain effectively the benefits of seaweed treatments. The therapist must be able to explain the application of seaweed treatments and give background information about the history of seaweed treatments. Total Contraindications 1. Any form of infection, disease or fewer 2. Under the influence of recreational drugs or alcohol 3. Diarrhea and vomiting 4. With medical, GP or specialist permission in circumstances – where written permission cannot be obtained, clients must indemnify their condition in writing prior to treatment. Pregnancy; Cardio vascular conditions; Hemophilia; Any condition already being treated by a GP or another complementary practitioner; Arthritis; Nervous or Psychotic conditions; Osteoporosis; Epilepsy; Recent operations; Diabetes; etc. 5. Water Treatments             The therapist must explain the various ways in which water is treated to maintain hygiene. The therapist must explain how the treatment of the water may affect the hydrotherapy treatment. The changes that will occur to the body once it is immersed in water must be thoroughly explained. 6. Hydrotherapy             The benefits of hydrotherapy must be thoroughly explained to the customer. The therapist must explain the procedure for each treatment and all the safe precautions that must be taken. The therapist must be able to explain the contraindications to hydrotherapy treatment. Total Contraindications 1. Any form of infection, disease or fewer 2. Under the influence of recreational drugs or alcohol 3. Diarrhea and vomiting 4. With medical, GP or specialist permission in circumstances – where written permission cannot be obtained, clients must indemnify their condition in writing prior to treatment. Pregnancy; Cardio vascular conditions; Hemophilia; Any condition already being treated by a GP or another complementary practitioner; Arthritis; Nervous or Psychotic conditions; Osteoporosis; Epilepsy; Recent operations; Diabetes; etc.   Spa Health, Safety and Hygiene Maintenance Steam and Sauna 1. Ensure the cabinets are wiped out with sterilizing solution after every treatment 2. Ensure the benches are covered with clean paper towels for each client 3. Ensure the clients showers before entering the cabinet and that swimwear or similar is worn 4. Ensure that the treatment is explained to the client before commencement 5. Ensure the correct temperature is adhered to 6. Check temperature gauge 7. Ensure the client stays in the sauna/steam room for maximum of ten minutes 8. After ten minutes they should take warm shower or plunge in a warm pool 9. Ensure the clients drink plenty of water 10. Ensure that the client rests in the rest area and allows the body temperature to return to normal before leaving the spa       Body Masks/Wraps 1. Check consultation and contraindications 2. Explain the treatment to the client 3. Use appropriate protective sheets for the couch and floor area 4. Help the client onto the couch protecting the client’s modesty at all times 5. Apply the mask/wrap in accordance with manufacturer’s instruction 6. Wrap the client in sheets/blankets/thermal blanket, whichever is most appropriate to the treatment 7. Remove the mask/wrap at the end of the treatment Hydrotherapy 1. Ensure safety handles are available to ensure clients do not slip 2. Check the temperature gauge 3. Never leave the client unattended 4. Ensure a panic button is available 5. When using the hydrotherapy bath, ensure that half the water is drained before the client attempts to get out 6. Ensure clients shower then relax until the body temperature returns to normal before dressing 7. Ensure the water is at the right temperature for the treatment 8. Ensure the water has been treated appropriately 9. Ensure the entire spa are complies with health safety and hygiene regulations     Marketing and Promotion             One of the most powerful promotional and marketing tools today is the internet. Distance promotion can be effective in attracting the spa’s clients. The spa can also use leaflets that can be distributed to different Tourist Information Centers. The spa must be located strategically to the place where the target market can easily access the spa. Effective branding is also helpful in attracting the target market. Attractive signage must be installed. Due to the importance of the internet as a marketing and advertising tool, a website must be created be become more competitive and visible. Promotional marketing through e-mail can be useful for the business. For the clients that reside near or around the premises, mail advertising may be effective.   Conclusion             Recent innovations and developments of the spa industry have change the way people see spas. Different treatments and various facilities and equipments have been introduced to offer better service to the growing spa market. Different spa types target different customers. The spa industry now caters to different people from all walks of life with diverse interests. Today’s spa is no longer for the affluent. It has gone mainstream, and the varieties of treatments are increasing. Modern spas are places of renewal for body, mind and spirit. Modern spa targets not only the physical wellness of customers but also consider the mental, emotional and spiritual dynamics. Spas have become a place for healing and rejuvenation. Spas can be found virtually everywhere. There is a flavor for every taste. People are looking for ways to counter the stresses and pressures of everyday life. With less time available for rest and regeneration, people are looking for places where they can relax, unwind and gain relief from overindulgence and overwork. Modern spas aim to treat the mind, body and soul of each client by offering them different treatments. The treatments that modern spas offer range from wet treatments such as hydrotherapy, to dry treatments like massage and body wraps, to wellness therapies and beauty treatments. Modern spas still bring renewal and well-being, as well as allowing the clients to relax, reflect, revitalize, and rejoice.                  Pictures: Types of Spa Resort/Hotel Spa   Destination Spa       Health Spa   Hot spring Spa         Casino Spa   Day Spa Connoisseur Spa     Mobile Spa         Dental Spa       Spa Equipments   Wet Table   Vicky Shower   Massage Chair   Lomi Lomi Tables           Lagoon Wet Tables   Rainbar Vicky Shower         Scotch Hose   Hydrotherapy Tub   Hot Towel Cabinet     Spa Treatments   Therapeutic Massage Facial   Body Treatments   Reflexology   Body Wrap   Thai Massage       Hot stone Massage     Spa Facilities Sauna   Steam Room   Spa Pool   Hot Tub     Relaxation Room / Lounge   Spa Restaurant         Spa Treatment TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                                   Page Number Introduction                                                                                                 1 History and Development                                                                        2 Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire                                               2 Dark and the Middle Ages                                                                        3 Renaissance                                                                                               4 19th and 20th Centuries                                                                           4 Development of Modern Spas                                                                5 Medical Benefits of Spa Treatment                                                       6 Popular Spa Services and Treatments                                                            7 Types of Spa                                                                                               9 Spa Equipments                                                                                         11 Spa Facilities                                                                                               13 Spa Etiquette                                                                                               13 Communication and Contraindication                                                 14 Spa Health, Safety and Hygiene Maintenance                                   18 Marketing and Promotion                                                                        20 Conclusion                                                                                                  20     Pictures: Types of Spa                                                                                               21 Spa Equipments                                                                                         27 Spa Treatments                                                                                          32 Spa Facilities                                                                                               36 Bibliography                                                                                                39

Spa Therapy

Spa Treatment Introduction Throughout the history, people have been interested in the medicinal value of water. The medic...

A PROPOSED MODULE ON TRADITIONAL FILIPINO MASSAGE THERAPY (HILOT)

A PROPOSED MODULE ON TRADITIONAL FILIPINO MASSAGE THERAPY (HILOT)         A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School         In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Education           TABLE OF CONTENTS   Title Page …………………………………………………………………….. i Table of Contents…………………………………………………………….. ii Chapter <li> The Problem and Its Background Introduction………………………………………………………. 1 Background of the Study……………………………………….. 2 Statement of the Problem……………………………………… 4 Significance of the Study………………………………………. 5 Assumptions……………………………………………………. 6 Scope and Limitations of the Study…..……………………… 6 Definition of Terms……………………………………………... 7 Conceptual Framework……………………………………….. 9 </li> <li> Review of Related Literature and Studies Foreign Literature……………………………………………… 11 Local Literature………………………………………………… 25 Foreign Studies………………………………………………… 28 Local Studies…………………………………………………… 30  </li> <li> Methods of Research</li> Research Design………………………………………………. 32 Setting of the Study……………………………………………. 32 Subjects of the Study………………………………………….. 32 Research Tools………………………………………………… 33 Data Gathering and Analysis…………………………………. 35 Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND     Massage has been celebrated in the writings of poets, philosophers, historians, and physicians from ancient to modern times. From its beginnings, massage has been waxed and waned as a respected form of health promotion and healing. The philosophy, technical practice, and goals of massage have evolved through the millennia and continue to change today. There is considerable debate as to the etymology of the word massage. Most likely it is from the Arabic massa, to touch; the Greek, massein, to knead; in India, champua, to knead also and where the word "shampoo" came from; or possibly the Sanskrit mach, to strike, press or condense. In other countries, the underlying philosophies and strategies of touch therapy as one of the stress reduction programs have modified very little with the passage of time. In an age of high technology in medicine and indeed all aspects of modern life, soft tissue massage continues to be an instrument as a chord attached to this indigenous healing and medical practices of our origins. The increasing movement toward a more holistic move to the management of disease and to contribute to the prosperity of wellness will ensure a place for this ancient art in the present millennia and beyond. Today, here in Metro Manila, many types of spas have sprouted in hotels, resorts, so-called day spas and wellness centers. One of their more popular services is the massage, specifically Thai massage, traditional European massage, Indonesian massage and others, which often originate from these places. However, the researcher has noticed that there has not been one spa here in the Philippines that offer massage of truly Filipino origin, whereas it should have been one of the services that these different spas should be offering. Among the government agencies which have pushed for the development of an indigenous type of massage is the Department of Tourism (DOT), in line with their health tourism program. The DOT has noticed the increasing popularity of spa tourism and connected it with the abundance of the required natural resources for its development, e.g. thermal springs, tropical climate, and rich natural environment, making the Philippines and ideal spa destination. Lately, the DOT has endorsed the researcher to be one of the chief proponents in studying and researching on developing proposed modules on traditional Filipino massage therapy. This is in line with the DOT’s development and promotion of Health Tourism and most importantly, aim to integrate and promote traditional Filipino healing practices. Background of the Study This researcher has been a long-time practitioner of the art of soft tissue massage, which is one of the modalities that is available in many of today’s spas. He has been teaching massage to a number of establishments in Metro Manila and has students in many parts of the country. Among his students are a number of practicing "hilots" who take their courses in massage to upgrade their skills and to acquire more respectability. These "hilots" have procedures and have practiced their rituals on their "patients", and their massage therapy has been perceived as effective, are less expensive and in a way, depict what traditional Filipino massage therapy really is. This researcher has noted with great interest the methods and procedures of the hilots" and the great number of patients who patiently form long line to avail of the hilot’s services. This more or less inspired him to make a study especially to respond to the thesis recommendation of Ma. Rebecca V. Maraña who recommended that "the hilot must be trained to a more scientific approach without modifying the traditional Filipino massage technique. It is the researcher’s hope that through this study, this indigenous healer will gain greater knowledge, better techniques, more respectability and perhaps, elevate him to the status on par with the professional masseur doing traditional European massage, traditional Thai massage and many other traditional foreign massage techniques. This researcher became aware of the DOT’s Health Tourism Program which one of the components is the development of a type of massage that characterizes in our very own culture particularly the techniques as practiced by the "hilot" and to give such method international recognition and foster competitiveness of the "hilots" globally. Statement of the Problem This study aims to produce modules for the instruction of students studying massage, particularly in the traditional Filipino massage called "hilot". Specifically, this study will answer the following questions: <li> What is the profile of the Filipino "hilot" in terms of:</li> a. age, b. gender, <li> religion,</li> <li> civil status, </li> <li> number of years of experience as hilot, and </li> <li> source of knowledge?</li> <li> What are the common reasons why Filipinos go to the "hilot"?</li> <li> What are the "hilots" concepts of how their massage therapy works?</li> <li> What aspects of the "hilots" procedure need to be corrected, improved or removed?</li> <li> How can the existing "hilots" massage be professionalized and improved in terms of being: <li> scientific;</li> <li> effective; and </li> <li> authentic?</li> </li> <li> What modules can be formulated to make traditional Filipino massage truly scientific, effective and authentic, which can be included in the training of the "hilots" and the students of massage?</li> Significance of the Study This researcher is of the firm belief that Filipino massage deserves to be placed on par with the other massage techniques coming from foreign countries. Thus, this study will be of great significance, first, to the Department of Tourism which may use the information from this study to promote the "hilot" as a worthy alternative to the different types of foreign massage. It can help boost its health tourism program and promote Filipino "hilots" to tourists. Moreover, the "hilots" may be better informed about their craft in terms its being scientific, effective and authentic. This will make their craft more professional and more accessible to their clients. This study will also make the Filipino people more aware that the "hilot" is a worthy alternative to the more expensive therapies being marketed in the country today. It will give them a better appreciation of this traditional massage therapy and how it can relieve them of their body’s tension. Furthermore, this study will benefit future researches on the "hilot" as it provides a description of how to do proper traditional Filipino massage. Assumptions This study is based on the basic assumption that the "hilot" possesses skills that may prevent illness by using their skills in releasing blockages and stimulating the immune system by boosting an individual’s healing capacity as evidenced by the readiness of rural folks and even Filipino people in the city go to the "hilot" for the treatment of sprains/strains (pilay) and other body pains. Because the "hilot" is usually a person from the lower class and living in the rural areas, this study also assumes that he/she does not possess adequate knowledge of his craft and works by instinct or experience rather than by scientific methods. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study will develop modules that will instruct students of massage and "hilots" on traditional Filipino massage therapy. It will provide a demographic profile of today’s "hilot". Moreover, it will describe how the existing "hilot’s" massage be professionalized and improved in terms of it being scientific, effective and authentic. This researcher will source out and interview "hilots" from different parts of the country and ask them to describe their methods. This researcher will also ask their patients on the effectivity of the method. This study will only be limited to the description of the effectivity, authenticity and scientific nature of the traditional Filipino massage therapy. Definition of Terms For the purposes of this study, the following terms have been defined operationally: Authentic. Retaining the true Filipino nature of the Filipino traditional massage therapy. Day Spa. A spa offering a variety of professionally administered spa services to clients on a day-to-day basis. Destination Spa. A spa which has for its sole purpose to provide clients with lifestyle improvement and health enhancement through professionally administered spa services, physical fitness, education programming and on-site accommodations where spa cuisine or healthy food is offered. Effective. The therapeutic cure provided by traditional Filipino massage therapy as perceived by the patients featured in this study. Hilot. The Filipino term for massage therapist-cum-healer-therapist who uses traditional Filipino massage therapy in relieving different types of body-related aches and pains. Massage. Manual soft tissue manipulation which includes holding, causing movement, and/or applying pressure to the body for remedial or restorative purposes (Reyes and Luna-Reyes, 1994). Massage Modality. Alternative health care modality or variety such as reflexology, acupressure or Japanese shiatsu, Swedish massage and other similar methods. Massage therapist. A trained person or practitioner who has passed the massage therapist examination and qualified to apply manual massage techniques or manual soft tissue manipulation, which includes holding, causing movement or applying pressure to the body. Massage therapy. A profession in which the practitioner applies manual techniques, and may apply adjunctive therapies, with the intention of positively affecting the health and well-being of the client. (American Massage Therapy Association) Module. A compilation and guide for the proper procedures in practicing traditional Filipino massage therapy based on true experiences of the "hilots" Professionalized. Making Filipino traditional massage therapy more scientific in approach to improve its efficacy but still retaining its authenticity. Resort or Hotel Spa. A spa owned by and located within a resort or hotel providing professionally administered spa services, fitness and wellness components. Scientific. Traditional Filipino massage therapy that follows the proper guidelines according to studies done in anatomy and physiology. Spa. A facility which exudes a tranquil environment, offering various amenities and services intended to relieve stress, pamper the body and make one feel relaxed and rejuvenated to promote a healthier way of life. Traditional Filipino Massage Therapy. The term referring to the procedure done by the "hilots" in providing body relief to their patients. Conceptual Framework This research will describe the "hilot" in terms of age, gender, civil status, number of years as "hilot" and source of knowledge. It will then seek the sources of the hilot’s knowledge, how he examines his patients before he starts the treatment, find out whether or not he knows why people go to him for treatment, and length of time of the treatment. It also seeks to describe the "hilot’s" procedure from preparation to ending. The effectivity of the hilot’s treatment will also be described by the patients themselves. Then, the researcher will identify the aspects of the hilot’s procedures that are sound, those that are defective and therefore, needs to be corrected, improved or removed. Input Throughput Output     From the data gathered, the researcher will devise modules which will enhance, improve and elevate the "hilot" to the level of professional respectability to put them at par with the world’s recognized practitioners of alternative medicine. These modules will show if the Filipino traditional massage therapy is scientific, effective and authentic. Table 1 shows the research paradigm of the conceptual framework.       Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES   This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies, both local and foreign, that are relevant to this study.   Foreign Literature   Rubbing is probably a universal instinct. Humans and mammals know it helps sore limbs and that touch is comforting. Massage therapy is a versatile craft which grew from this instinct. It may well be one of mankind’s earliest therapies. The Association of Massage Therapists in Australia define massage as the systematic and scientific manipulation of the soft tissues of the body for therapeutic purposes. As both a healing art and a science it can benefit every body. Massage has been found to possess the richest and most ancient heritage of all the healing arts. From these origins, scientific evidence both supports and explains the beneficial effects of massage which has developed into a sophisticated and specialized tool in today's treatment of muscle, tendon, ligament and joint injuries. History of Massage Massage therapy is one of the oldest methods in the gallery of health care practices dating back up to 4,000 years. References to massage are found in Chinese medical texts 4,000 years old. Massage has been advocated in Western health care practices in an almost unbroken line since the time of Hippocrates, the "father of medicine." In the 4th century B.C., Hippocrates wrote, "The physician must be acquainted with many things and assuredly with rubbing" (the ancient Greek and Roman term for massage). Some of the greatest physicians in history advocated massage, including (25 B.C.-50 A.D.), who wrote De Medicinia, an encyclopedia of Roman medical knowledge that dealt extensively with prevention and therapeutics using massage;  (131-200), the most influential physician in the ancient, medieval, and Renaissance worlds, who addressed techniques and indications for massage in his book De Sanitate Tuenda (which is translated as The Hygiene, meaning prevention); and  (980-1037), a Persian physician who wrote extensively about massage in his Canon of Medicine, which was considered the authoritative medical text in Europe for several centuries. A sampling of other noted advocates includes Ambrose ParJ, who wrote the first modern textbook of surgery; William Harvey, who demonstrated the circulation of the blood; and Herman Boerhaave, who introduced the clinical method of teaching medicine. People in most ancient cultures practiced some form of therapeutic touch or massage. Evidence from many countries suggests that prehistoric people massaged their muscles and rubbed plants, herbs, oils, and various substances on their bodies to heal and protect. In many cultures, special healers were said to have powers of healing by touch. Egypt had a well-developed social structure 5,500 years ago and people may have used massage then. Imhotep, the physician and architect recorded his knowledge of aromatic oils or unguents, made by mixing aromatic plants, resins and gums with oils or fats. Middle Kingdom Egyptians used bassi massage which induced trance. Massage possibly came to India from China. Between 1,800-500 BCE, the Vedic people developed Ayurvedic medicine. The 2,500 year old Ayurveda describes body massage with oil. Massage is recorded in China in 3,000 B.C.Ein The Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal Medicine and Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse. Amma was developed using pressure points. The first Chinese massage exam was in the 1st century CE at Schools of Occult Studies. In the 6th century, Chinese techniques spread to Japan (via Korea), where Shiatsu developed. For years, blind people were the main masseurs. Thai massage is over 2,500 years old. (Today’s Chinese method is Tui-na.)Sensual massage is recorded: erotic sculptures at Khajuraho and Karma Sutra. Tantric massage is used with breathing and yoga. In Tibet, medicine is a blend of traditional Indian and Chinese medicine and Bon (the indigenous culture’s medicine). Its practice has been endangered since the 1950’s with the Chinese communist invasion. Remnants survive in Mongolia and Russia. Tibetan remedial massage uses a herbal medicated oil or butter and is an important therapy for stress disorders Traditional medicine of Thailand dates back some 2500 years. As with many indigenous peoples, the Thai people created their own blend of traditions and techniques, linking Ayurvedic medicine, Buddhist spiritual practice, Chinese medicine and Yoga, as well as indigenous healing practices of ancient Siam. They treated disease and disharmony of physical, emotional, and spiritual origins. Nuad Bo'Rarn is the traditional medical massage. In Kurdistan, Breema developed - similar to Thai Massage. Assyria is an ancient country of Asia, noted for art and architecture. Assyrians developed massage treatments using garlic, tamarisk, hellebore, mandrake, cypress, resins and gums. Greece used Egyptian massage knowledge. Receivers included athletes, women and soldiers. Writers on massage include Homer, Aesculapius, Herodotus and Hippocrates. In 326 BCE the Greeks learned Ayurvedic medicine from India. Rome gained massage from Greece, and it spread through the ancient world. Romans liked bathing and full body massage. Roman massage writers include Asclepiades, Celsus and Galen. Receivers include Pliny and Julius Caesar, who was massaged to relieve epilepsy By the end of the Roman empire, massage was associated with indulgence. Emperor Constantine abolished baths and gymnasia, suspecting sexual abuses. Massage study stopped in Europe, but many of Galen's books were translated in Persia by Hunayn ibn Ishaq in the 9th century. In medieval Islam, the medic/philosopher Ibn Sina, or Avicenna included massage in his treatments. Islanders of the South Pacific have used massage in and out of water for hundreds of years. Lomilomi is an ancient Hawaiian healing massage. Each morning families would Lomi each other to start their day in Lokahi (balance) with mind, body and spirit. Knowledge of this art was held within the family, so distinct styles have developed across the major islands. Today, Hawaiian medical massage is known for its stress relieving power. In the Philippines, traditional medicine includes the "albularyo" or herbalist, spiritual healer; "hilot" or traditional birth attendant, bone setters and massager. In the Sandwich Islands, kings were massaged after meals to aid digestion. People of the Peruvian Amazon use the oil of Andiroba for massages for muscle pain and for skin disorders. It is also used in urban Brazil as a massage oil, especially by martial arts practitioners and massage therapists. Native Americans use heat and massage with herbs to treat various problems. The Cherokee, Penias and Navaho rubbed warriors before they went to war and when they returned. Massage eases labor pains, infant colic and many other ailments. The Acoma and Laguna massaged muscles with crushed plants for cramps, the Blackfoot used an infusion of roots to massage sore breasts with warm stones and the Forest Potawatomi infused roots with lard to massage sore muscles and tendons From the mid 1800's, massage skills from Sweden, Germany and France were brought to the US. Therapists worked with European techniques at sanatoriums. Dr. Charles Fayette Taylor’s New York orthopedic practice specialized in Swedish massage. In the early 20th century, massage was considered disreputable. Wilhelm Reich caused outrage by using it with psychotherapy. Diet, exercise and massage gave way to medical routine and drugs. In Britain, some massage was used for rehabilitation in Forces hospitals, and from 1945 in athletic clubs and YMCAs. Massage therapy, as we know it today, grew from the 1960's, emerging as a profession in the 1970's and 80's from schools such as the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California. The later 20th century has seen the creation of a range of massage techniques, including applications for personal growth, emotional release, and balance of mind-body-spirit, in addition to traditional Swedish massage. Many are American techniques from the late 1960s onward, though some appeared in the 1920s. As the health care system in the United States became more influenced by biomedicine and technology in the early 1900s, physicians began assigning massage duties (which were also labor-intensive, requiring more time to be spent with patients) to assistants, nurses, and physical therapists. In turn, in the 1930s and 1940s, nurses and physical therapists lost interest in massage therapy, virtually abandoning it. However, a small number of massage therapists carried on until the 1970s, when a new surge of interest in massage therapy revitalized the field, albeit in the realm of alternative health care. That interest has continued to the present (Harunobu, 1986).     Basic Approach Massage therapy is the scientific manipulation of the soft tissues of the body to normalize those tissues. It consists of a group of manual techniques that include applying fixed or movable pressure, holding, and/or causing movement of or to the body, using primarily the hands but sometimes other areas such as forearms, elbows, or feet. These techniques affect the musculoskeletal, circulatory-lymphatic, nervous, and other systems of the body. The basic philosophy of massage therapy encompasses the concept of vis medicatrix naturae -- that is, aiding the ability of the body to heal itself -- and is aimed at achieving or increasing health and well-being. Touch is the fundamental medium of massage therapy. While massage methods can be described in terms of a series of techniques to be performed, it is important to understand that touch is not used solely in a mechanistic way in massage therapy; there is also an artistic component. Because massage usually involves applying touch with some degree of pressure, the massage therapist must use touch with sensitivity to determine the optimal amount of pressure appropriate for each person. Touch used with sensitivity also allows the massage therapist to receive useful information about the body, such as locating areas of muscle tension and other soft-tissue problems. Because touch is also a form of communication, sensitive touch can convey a sense of caring, which is an essential element in the therapeutic relationship, to the person receiving massage. Using the wrong kind of touch -- sometimes thought of as "toxic touch" -- is counterproductive, tending to render a technique ineffective and to cause the body to defend or guard itself, which in turn introduces greater tension (1986). Methods Some 80 different methods may be classified as massage therapy, and approximately 60 of them are less than 20 years old. There are several reasons why this is the case. The period of the 1940s to the mid-1970s was relatively dormant for the massage therapy profession. Little standardization was established in the field. Then in the 1970s, stimulated by changes in society such as greater interest in fitness, healthier lifestyles, personal improvement, and alternative methods of health care to complement conventional medicine, interest in massage therapy increased. An influx of new practitioners brought with them a wave of new ideas and creativity regarding ways to use hands-on techniques. Since there was little standardization, these techniques sometimes developed into freestanding methods rather than being incorporated into an existing system of classification. Another source of new techniques was the various forms of massage native to most cultures around the world but not previously described outside each culture. For example, many of the forms of massage that come from Asia are based on concepts of anatomy, physiology, and diagnosis that differ from Western concepts. The proliferation of methods has slowed. It is expected, as has happened in the development of other professions, that as the development of standards and credentials continues, there will be some consolidation and integration of methods. The forms of massage therapy described in this section are either among the most widely used or representative of a group of similar practices. Several forms that include additional techniques besides massage are listed briefly here and discussed in more detail in the following sections. In actual practice, many massage therapists use more than one method in their work and sometimes combine several. Swedish massage uses a system of long gliding strokes, kneading, and friction techniques on the more superficial layers of muscles, generally in the direction of blood flow toward the heart, sometimes combined with active and passive movements of the joints. This system is used to promote general relaxation, improve circulation and range of motion, and relieve muscle tension. Swedish massage is the most common form of massage. Deep-tissue massage is used to release chronic patterns of muscular tension using slow strokes, direct pressure, or friction directed across the grain of the muscles with the fingers, thumbs, or elbows. It is applied with greater pressure and to deeper layers of muscle than Swedish massage. Sports massage uses techniques that are similar to Swedish and deep-tissue massage but are specially adapted to deal with the needs of athletes and the effects of athletic performance on the body. Neuromuscular massage is a form of deep massage that is applied specifically to individual muscles. It is used to increase blood flow, release trigger points (intense knots of muscle tension that refer pain to other parts of the body), and release pressure on nerves caused by soft tissues. It is often used to reduce pain. Trigger point massage and myotherapy are similar forms. Manual lymph drainage improves the flow of lymph by using light, rhythmic strokes. It is primarily used for conditions related to poor lymph flow, such as edema, inflammation, and neuropathies. The reflexology, zone therapy, tuina, acupressure, rolfing (structural integration), Trager, Feldenkrais, and Alexander methods are addressed in the following sections. The various methods of massage therapy can be divided into two major groupings: 1. Traditional European methods based on traditional Western concepts of anatomy and physiology, using five basic categories of soft-tissue manipulation: effleurage (gliding strokes), petrissage (kneading), friction (rubbing), tapotement (percussion), and vibration. Swedish massage is the main example. 2. Contemporary Western methods based on modern Western concepts of human functioning, using a wide variety of manipulative techniques. These may include broad applications for personal growth; emotional release; and balance of the mind, body, and spirit in addition to traditional applications. These methods go beyond the original framework of Swedish massage and include neuromuscular, sports, and deep-tissue massage; and myofascial release, myotherapy, Bindegewebsmassage, Esalen, and manual Lymph Drainage. In addition, there are structural, functional, and movement integration methods that organize and integrate the body in relationship to gravity through manipulating the soft tissues or through correcting inappropriate patterns of movement; methods that bring about a more balanced use of the nervous system through creating new, integrated possibilities of movement. Examples are Rolfing, Hellerwork, Aston patterning, Trager, Feldenkrais, and Alexander ( 1986).   Benefits of Massage Massage gives people a roadmap of stress areas in their bodies. Many times people don't know how much stress they're carrying until they have a massage; then they're able to feel it and let go of it. As the massage therapist stretches and loosens muscles and connective tissues, stress and muscular tension are released. Once a person has an awareness of where stress lodges in his body, he can begin to do something about it. Neuromuscular massage, often prescribed for injuries and conditions of pain, works at softening the muscles so that the therapist can move in more deeply to break up adhesions. This allows muscles to become really elastic, the way they should be. The body then may be freed of spasm and pain, increase its range of motion, and have the ability to avoid injury. Massage has many benefits. On the physical level, it gives deep relaxation and stress reduction, relief of muscle tension and stiffness, reduces muscle spasm and tension, relief from entrapment of nerves in muscle, greater joint flexibility and range of motion, increases ease and efficiency of movement, promotes deeper and easier breathing, gives better circulation of both blood and lymph fluids, reduces blood pressure, relieves tension-related or eye-strain headaches healthier, better nourished skin, improved posture, faster healing from pulled muscles and sprained ligaments, reduces pain, swelling, and formation of scar tissue following injury and provides general health maintenance. On the mental level, it provides a relaxed state of alertness, reduced mental stress, a calmer mind, greater ability to monitor stress signals and respond appropriately, and increased capability for clearer thinking. On the emotional level, it gives a feeling of well-being, reduced levels of anxiety, increased awareness of mind-body connection, enhanced self image, and a sense of being unified and in harmony (). The Association of Massage Therapists in Australia mentions the following benefits to massage therapy, among them, the maintenance of skin health, especially for older people with frail skin. It improves oxygenation and nutrition to the basal layer of skin. It increases skin flexibility and elasticity and loosens scar tissue to maintain skin health and movement. It improves sebaceous secretion to lubricate the skin, improving its condition and texture. It relaxes the fascia on the scalp, decreasing tension and some forms of headache. Massage Therapy maintains muscle health. It helps to maintain muscles in the best possible state of nutrition, flexibility and vitality. This speeds up muscle recovery after activity or injury. It relieves muscle restrictions, tightness, stiffness and spasm which may limit full movement. It delays muscle wasting due to disuse, for example, after a stroke or during lengthy bed rest. It encourages better muscle activity through increased movement of nutrients and removal of waste products. It relaxes muscles and other tight tissues. For example tight muscles can press on nerves causing pain and nerves can also become trapped in connective tissue. Massage relaxes muscles and other soft tissues decreasing pain due to nerve entrapment. Massage therapy affects the cardiovascular system. It Increases local blood flow without putting additional strain on the heart. It mechanically propels blood towards the heart in sedentary people and those on long term bed-rest. It stimulates nerves which control blood vessels. Widening the blood vessels can increase blood circulation and lower blood pressure in some cases. It increases delivery of oxygen to muscle and other tissue cells and removal of waste products and decreases accumulation of metabolic waste and by-products from tissue damage and inflammation thereby assisting healing. Moreover, it also decreases heart rate through decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system ("relaxation response"). Massage therapy aids in respiration. It may slow down the rate of respiration via reduced stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. It may also increase lung capacity and pulmonary function if these are decreased by tight primary and secondary muscles of respiration. Massage Therapy assists the Lymphatic System. It: <ul> <li> Stimulates the lymphatics when the person is immobile due to pain or when injury interferes with lymphatic drainage. </li> <li> Reduces some forms of swelling (lymphoedema) by mechanically stimulating circulation. </li> <li> Decreases swelling after injury which encourages repair and faster return to activity. </li> <li> Increases presence of natural killer cells and their activity, suggesting that massage may strengthen the immune system. </li> </ul> Massage therapy influences the nervous and endocrine Systems. It provides a sedating and relaxing effect on the body by normalizing nerve activity. It stimulates muscle activity through specific forms of massage. It promotes relaxation, decreasing insomnia and improving sleeping patterns by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. It decreases pain with release of pain-reducing neurochemicals. It can provide stimuli to modulate pain perception and decrease pain directly with some massage techniques. It decreases stress levels by activation of the relaxation response. The many physical stress-related problems of everyday life can be soothed away by slow rhythmic massage. Massage recipients show an increase in dopamine and serotonin levels which suggests a decrease in stress levels and depression. Massage therapy assists the digestive system. It increases movement of the large intestine, helping to relive colic and intestinal gas. It promotes activation of the parasympathetic nervous system which also stimulates digestion. It decreases constipation by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system and by direct movement of fecal material around the bowel. This will aid in elimination without drugs. Finally, massage therapy influences other soft tissues. It assists proper alignment of connective tissue fibres after injury. It may increase movement at a joint by decreasing muscle tension and connective tissue thickening and rigidity. Local Literature The Filipino "Hilot The hilot has been described in many different ways.  (1999) described them as indigenous community resources or cultural healers who help to "protect" the body and treat supernaturally with herbal/medicinal treatments, incantations, and offerings. The hilot is a type of ancient tribal priestess. Babaylan, a common Filipino indigenous practitioner, uses three types of treatment: prayers and rituals, herbal plants, and massage/manipulation of bones and body tissues. A hilot usually is respectful of the value of medical care. An arbularyo (herbalist) has special treatment skills with liquid infusion and dietary measures. Solivas (2001) pointed out that traditional medicine is slowly finding its niche in modern medicine. World Health Organization (WHO) statistics show that while 40-80% of the population of third world countries depends on traditional medicine to meet their health care needs, there has been a growing interest in traditional and alternative systems of medicine in many developed countries. In fact, the World Health Assembly accepted the realities that many adhere to traditional medicine for primary health care, traditional healers are potentially important resource for the delivery of health care and that medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. Moreover, as an aftermath of the Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, the Philippine government encouraged use of a number medicinal plant preparation. This paved the way for more scientific studies on traditional medicinal plants. Nowadays, WHO confirms that medicinal plants are vital elements in pharmacological research and drug development not only when plant constituents are used directly as therapeutic agents, but also when they are used as basic materials for the synthesis of drugs or as models for pharmacologically active compounds. The presence of the arbularyo and hilot as "traditional healers" in many Filipino communities are similar to the inevitability of acupuncture in Chinese medicine and ayurvedic medicine in India. These approaches to health care falls under the category of traditional medicine, which the WHO refers to the "sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable, or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness". On Using Modules  (1990) wrote about modules wherein he emphasized that modular instruction is one workable form of individual instruction which is applicable in the elementary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education. The use of modules in teaching is cost effective, and it makes the teachers become resourceful and creative. At the same time, the students’ time is maximized.  (1973), as cited by  (1995) concerning teaching methods and techniques, described the use of modules as modernizing the teaching process by using a set of modules suited to each student who is given a chance to advance at his own best rate though by passing unnecessary instruction and satisfying his particular needs and he will thus in individual cases be able to earn his degree in a considerably short time.  wrote that programmed instructions involving modules, self-learning kits, and the correspondence courses represent well the emerging non-traditional and unconventional teaching styles. This type of instructions easily breaks the space-time syndrome closely associated with traditional teaching, in which both the teacher and the students stay together in one place, usually the classroom, at the same time in order that the teaching-learning process can conveniently proceed. Under the programmed instruction, students can continue learning by themselves even without the presence of the teacher. However, (1995), in her book about principles and methods of teaching, mentioned that there are also difficulties in connection with modules. Since a module involves self-study, the student needs self-discipline to work toward mastering a module. How many students have self-discipline or the will power to study on their own? The school may lack the facilities that the instructional activities call for. Preparing a module is not an easy task. Teachers may also find it hard to change the traditional role they are accustomed to. Foreign Studies   The following studies reflect the versatility of massage therapy and its broad and diverse range of applications. Premature infants treated with daily massage therapy gain more weight and have shorter hospital stays than infants who are not massaged. A study of 40 babies with low birth weight found that the 20 massaged babies had 47-percent greater weight gain per day and stayed in the hospital an average of 6 fewer days than 20 similar infants who did not receive massage; the cost saving was approximately $3,000 per infant (1986). Cocaine-exposed preterm infants given massages three times daily for a 10-day period showed significant improvement. Results indicated that massaged infants had fewer postnatal complications and exhibited fewer stress behaviors during the 10-day period, had 28-percent greater daily weight gain, and demonstrated more mature motor behaviors at the end of the 10-day course of massage therapy ( 1993). A study comparing 52 hospitalized depressed and adjustment-disorder children and adolescents with a control group that viewed relaxation videotapes found that the massage therapy subjects were less depressed and anxious and had lower saliva cortisol levels (an indicator of less depression) (1992). Another study showed that massage therapy produced relaxation in 18 elderly subjects. This study demonstrated physiological signs of relaxation in measures such as decreased blood pressure and heart rate and increased skin temperature (1987). A combination of Swedish massage, shiatsu, and trigger point suppression in 52 subjects with traumatically induced spinal pain led to significant alleviations of acute and chronic pain and increased muscle flexibility and tone. This study also found massage therapy to be extremely cost-effective in comparison with other therapies, with savings ranging from 15 percent to 50 percent ( 1992a, 1992b). Massage has also been shown to stimulate the body's ability to control pain naturally; in one study, massage stimulated the brain to produce endorphins, the neurochemicals that control pain (1989). Fibromyalgia, a painful type of inflammation, is an example of a condition that may be favorably affected by this mechanism. A pilot study of five subjects with symptoms of tension and anxiety found a significant response to massage therapy based on one or more psychophysiological parameters, including heart rate, frontalis and forearm extensor electromyograms, and skin resistance; these changes denote relaxation of muscle tension and reduced anxiety (1983). Another study found that massage therapy can have a powerful effect on psychoemotional distress in persons suffering from chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Stress can worsen the symptoms of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (ileitis), which can cause great pain and bleeding and even lead to hospitalization or death. Massage therapy was effective in reducing the frequency of episodes of pain and disability in these patients (1983). Local Studies    (1983) did a comparative study of the hilots’ pressure points and acupuncture points taking into consideration the following aspects: general characteristics, location, indications, uses, technique (amount of pressure applied, duration of application of pressure, method of massage, frequency of treatment, medium used in massage and precautions and contraindications). Five hilots residing in Lipa City and Davao City were observed at five different sessions each, while treating patients. Instruments used were an interview schedule, a checklist, anatomical drawings and validation by the researcher. A descriptive analysis of the data gathered was done after the findings had been collated and summarized. The study discovered that pressure areas of the "hilots", like acupuncture points are tender and sore in a diseased state. These pressure points of the "hilots" are hard and leather-tough on palpation. In terms of size, they are actually more of areas rather than points. Nomenclature of these pressure points is dependent on the part of the body where they are located, e.g. likod (back), dibdib (chest), etc. Another finding was that the location of pressure areas of the "hilots" depends on where the bara (blockage) has been determined. Location, therefore, of the points is not fixed. These pressure points were found, however, to coincide with acupuncture points. Moreover, the study found out that the pressure areas of the "hilots" have generally no specific indication, although it is generally indicated for pilay or pasma. Also, pressure areas are mainly used for treatment and the use of pressure areas for preventive and diagnostic purposes was not observed. Finally, in terms of techniques, the "hilots" do not have any specific directions for massage nor do they have any definite time for treatment. The amount of pressure applied on body areas is dependent on what the patient can tolerate. The frequency of treatment is one to three sessions, usually every other day, regardless of whether the ailment is acute or chronic. The "hilots" refrain from applying pressure in the following conditions: full or empty stomach, hypertension and rheumatism.   Chapter 3 METHODS OF RESEARCH This chapter presents the description of the research method to be used, a description of the respondents, the instruments to be used, the procedures and statistical treatment utilized in analyzing the data that will be gathered.   Research Design This descriptive type of research will utilize interview and observation in the study. To further amplify the descriptive type of research, the researcher will be guided by  (1994) when he stated: "Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of a particular phenomena. Setting of the Study This researcher will choose "hilots" coming from Davao, Cebu, Laguna, Cagayan Valley and Metro Manila. These places were chosen since the "hilots" are now based in these places and these "hilots" have been former students of this researcher. Subjects of the Study Five "hilots" will be chosen for the study. For every hilot, five patients will be observed. Research Tools The main tools to be used in this study are the following: <li> an interview schedule for the "hilot" to determine the following: <ul> <li> sociodemographic characteristics of the "hilots" (age, gender, civil status, religion, number of years of experience as "hilot", and source of knowledge</li> <li> "hilots" concept of how their massage therapy works</li> <li> why Filipinos go to the "hilot"</li> <li> indications of massage</li> <li> uses of massage</li> <li> effectivity of massage therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li> an interview schedule for the "patients" of the "hilot" to determine the following: <ul> <li> why they went to the hilot</li> <li> effectivity of the massage therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li> checklist to determine if the massage therapy of the "hilot" is scientific and authentic</li> Interview Schedule The review of existing literature will become the source of the salient points for the questions that are going to be drawn up based on the aspects chosen on this investigation. The interview schedule will mainly be composed of open-ended questions. Open-ended questions are resorted to because of their inherent qualities of flexibility. In addition, it enables the interviewer to probe and to clear up misunderstandings. This is especially helpful in interviews with traditional healers like "hilots" who more often than not, talk in riddles.  (1973) states other advantages of open-ended questions: <li> facilitates ascertainment of respondents’ lack of knowledge</li> <li> detects ambiguity</li> <li> encourages cooperation</li> <li> achieves rapport</li> <li> better estimates of respondents true intentions, beliefs and attitudes</li> <li> gives unexpected answers that may indicate existence of relations not originally anticipated.</li> To ensure reliability, the interview schedule will be pretested among five "hilots" based in Metro Manila. Revisions of the interview schedule will be made according to the results of the pretesting. Checklist The checklist will contain statements regarding the authenticity and scientific nature of the massage therapy being used by the "hilot" and the researcher will answer it based on his observations of the procedure of the "hilot". Another checklist will contain statements regarding the effectivity of the "hilot’s" massage therapy and the "patients" will answer it.   Data Gathering and Analysis All the five "hilots" were former students of this researcher, making it easier for the researcher to facilitate the interviews, its schedules and scheduling them for the interviews. Permission to interview the "hilots" and their "patients" will be first priority. Appointments with the "hilot" will be made to interview and to observe cases treated with massage. This researcher will seek out each of the five "hilots" in the places where they are currently based. All the data to be gathered will occur during a massage session of the "hilot". A descriptive analysis of the findings will be done. The focus of the interviews will be whether the work of the "hilot" is scientific, effective and authentic to the traditional Filipino massage. This data will be the basis for this researcher to come up with a module for traditional Filipino massage therapy which the "hilots" can use on their "patients".

A PROPOSED MODULE ON TRADITIONAL FILIPINO MASSAGE THERAPY (HILOT)

A PROPOSED MODULE ON TRADITIONAL FILIPINO MASSAGE THERAPY (HILOT) A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate...