Research Korner: Health Condition

SYNCOPE WITH UNCERTAIN ETIOLOGY

SYNCOPE WITH UNCERTAIN ETIOLOGY   A - The patient’s underlying disease process             The patient is an 89-year old white male whose past medical history includes non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, anemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, dementia, possible bone cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He was brought to the hospital because he fainted while eating breakfast. His past surgical history is not known. He is a widower with two children and currently a retired fireman. Thirty five years ago, he quit smoking but still drinks two to three beers per week presently.             A review of systems showed no complaints from the patient with regards to cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, dermatologic, and changes in the senses. However, the patient admits that he did have an episode of passing out or syncope. The patient is also positive for dementia and depression.             Physical examination revealed that the patient’s own subjective feelings are in line with the results. There are no abnormalities found in the patient’s systems. His laboratory results showed Sodium 131, Potassium 4.0, Chloride 96, Carbon Dioxide 31, Blood urea nitrogen 15, Creatinine 0.9, Glucose 241, Calcium 8.5, White blood cell count 1.6, Hemoglobin 1.6, Hematocrit 32.7, and Platelets 45. All the other values from the laboratory tests show normal values except for Sodium which is slightly decreased from the normal 136-145 meq/L, Carbon dioxide content increased from the normal 24-29 meq/L, Hemoglobin slightly decreased from the normal 2.09-2.79mmol.L, Hematocrit decreased from the normal 40-52%, and the Glucose count significantly elevated from the normal 65-110 mg/dL values. Most importantly, the patient showed signs of bradycardia or slow heart rate as seen on his vital signs pulse 66, respirations 16, and blood pressure 162/66.   B - Expected disease course/prognosis             Syncope was defined as a sudden transient loss of consciousness associated with an inability to maintain postural tone that was not compatible with vertigo, seizure, dizziness, shock, coma, or other states of altered consciousness (1990). Syncope occurs on sudden onset, often associated with emotional crisis or heart block. The coma is seldom deep and prolonged, with pallor. The pulse is slow at onset and later rapid and weak. Fainting, or syncope, is sudden, transient loss of consciousness. It can be due to metabolic or neurologic abnormalities, but more commonly it is due to peripheral vascular or cardiac abnormalities that cause inadequate cerebral blood flow. It is often benign and it is most commonly due to abrupt vasodilation. This produces hypotension, generally in association with bradycardia ( 2000).   C - Symptoms and signs typically manifested             Syncope has a broad differential diagnosis. Syncope can also be due to more serious abnormalities, which is probably the case for this patient. About 25% of syncope are of cardiac origin and are due to either transient obstruction of blood flow through the heart or sudden decreases in cardiac output owing to various cardiac arrhythmias. Fainting due to bradycardia, heart block, or sinus arrest is called neurocardiogenic syncope. In addition, fainting is the presenting symptom in 7% of patients with myocardial infarctions. Thus, all cases of syncope should be investigated to determine the cost (2001). Differential diagnoses of the patient include cardiovascular etiology with bradycardia versus neurologic disturbance versus blood sugar abnormality which is very much visible in his glucose level results. Bradycardia is most frequently the result of increased vagal tone. The condition is a result of slowed diastolic depolarization within all the S-A pacemaker cells. The patient is also shown to be positive for orthostatic hypotension 125/72 while lying down, 121/46 while sitting up, and 76/46 while standing. Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a drop in blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic within three minutes of standing. Tachycardia and a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute during testing indicate volume depletion. Minimal cardiac acceleration suggests baroreflex impairment that may occur normally in older patients. Medications associated with orthostatic hypotension include antihypertensives, antidepressants, and diuretic agents. Autonomic insufficiency secondary to diabetes mellitus or alcohol abuse also may cause orthostasis (2005).   D – Etiology             The term vasovagal syncope has been coined to denote this entity (2001). Postural syncope is fainting due to pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body upon standing. Micturition syncope, fainting during urination, occurs in patients with orthostatic hypotension. It is due to the combination of the orthostasis and reflex bradycardia induced by voiding in these patients. Pressure on the carotid sinus, produced, for example, by a tight collar, can cause such marked bradycardia and vasodilation that fainting results (carotid sinus syncope). Rarely, vasodilation and bradycardia may be precipitated by swallowing (deglutition syncope). Cough syncope occurs when the increase in intrathoracic pressure during straining or coughing is sufficient to block venous return. Effort syncope is fainting on exertion as a result of inability to increase cardiac output to meet the increased demands of the tissues and is particularly common in patients with aortic or pulmonary stenosis (2001).  Within the cardiology context, a stimulation which can cause a reflex drop in heart rate and blood pressure can cause syncope and is normally a problem for older adults ( 2004).   E - Related factors             Heart conditions as well as diabetes mellitus could be hereditary and play a role in a patient’s syncope episodes. Drugs are also a relatively common cause of syncope, especially in elderly patients. Older persons often take multiple medications, and the addition of sedatives, decongestants or anti-diarrheal medications can result in tachyarrhythmias and cognitive changes. Some ophthalmologic medications can aggravate bradyarrhythmias or heart block (1995). Additionally, activities that involve stretching the neck, such as shaving or looking back over one's shoulder, can produce carotid sinus syncope. The relationship of syncope to meals or alcohol or drug ingestion is also important.   F - Expected medical surgical and nursing treatment.             Treating syncope is empiric given the fact that generally, specific physiologic triggers of syncope are not identified. Infrequent episodes of syncope require only observation and counseling. When it comes to nutrition, there may be a need to increase in hydration and sodium or salt intake, especially in warm weather. Treatment options using pharmacologicals include anticholinergic agents, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, beta-adrenergic blockers, adenosine receptor blockers, mineralocorticoids and anticonvulsants. It is also recommended to use compression hose and pacemakers ( 2001). Details of treatment follow. The differential diagnoses include cardiovascular etiology with bradycardia versus neurologic disturbance versus blood sugar abnormality which is very much visible in his glucose level results. This is neurocardiogenic syncope which is fainting due to bradycardia, heart block, or sinus arrest. Further evaluation and treatment with regards to cardiology will be continued. As for the elevated glucose levels, due to his diabetes, the patient will have to continue taking Glipizide and Accu-Checks. As with regards to the decreased Sodium levels or hyponatremia, it will be monitored and a fluid restriction of less than 1,000 cc’s per day will be done.             The patient’s Protonix 40 will be continued for his gastroesphageal reflux disease. All other medicines like Aricept for dementia and Lexapro for depression will be continued. Oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be used as needed. The patient will be continually evaluated and monitored.   G - Pertinent nutritional data; address the patient’s nutritional status as it relates to the patients disease process             Glucose control and lots of fluid intake should be included in the diet of the patient. Fluid and salt replacement may be accomplished by mouth or through intravenous therapy.

SYNCOPE WITH UNCERTAIN ETIOLOGY

SYNCOPE WITH UNCERTAIN ETIOLOGY A - The patient’s underlying disease process The patient is an 89-year old white mal...

Case Study on Typhus

Case Study on Typhus   Medical research reveals that typhus is a term used to   describe various health conditions which caused by bacteria that belong to the Rickettsiae family.  There are several kinds of typhus; and the major types are epidemic typhus, murine or endemic typhus, Brill-Zinsser disease and scrub typhus.   Each type of typhus can be transmitted to humans through infected insects.  The first type of typhus which is the epidemic typhus is resulted by a contact with body lice.  This kind of bacteria lives in the human’s body while lice defecate.  And, these feces contain bacteria that cause typhus among humans.  Lice have caused   wounds and when it will be scratched, the feces are rubbed in the wounds. This type of typhus is normally affecting a number of people; as lice spread immediately into crowded areas where people do not take a bath in a regular basis. The symptoms of epidemic typhus include headache, fever, muscle aches, and weakness.  Rashes consisting of bumps and spots may also develop. These rashes start on the chest, back, and abdomen and spread to the legs and arms. The brain or heart muscle may also get swollen in extreme cases, which   may lead to death if not treated early. The next type of typhus is the Brill-Zinsser disease. It is a form of typhus that is actually a reactivation of a previous typhus infection when a person’s immune system is weakened by the former. This may occur as a complication of illness, surgery, or simply through aging process. Usually, this form of typhus affects individual’s years after having overcome epidemic typhus and is quite mild. Symptoms include a week-long fever and light rashes all over the body.  The third type is the endemic typhus; this is passed on to humans through fleas or parasites.  This is the same as epidemic typhus, where the flea defecates and through scratching the wounds, the feces are being transferred into the wounds. This form of typhus is most common in warm coastal regions, such as California and Texas in the United States. It typically causes a fever that lasts for about twelve days and is accompanied by a headache and chills. In some cases, a light rash may also develop. The fourth kind is the scrub typhus which is carried by chiggers or mites.  These insects enable to deposit bacteria in the human skin. This type of typhus is widespread in Southeast Asia and Japan, particularly during the wet season. This is one of the most common causes of illness for people visiting these regions. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-typhus.htm) In this regards, the primary symptoms include headache, fever, muscle pains and aches, abdominal pain, cough, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.  Other patients may even develop flat or bumpy rashes with spots on the body. Furthermore,   another study showed that typhus has always been associated with war.  Typhus truly is a disease of humans and lice.  Humans become infected by rubbing or scratching the lice feces into their skin or into their mucous membranes. It is an interesting disease because even though lice imbibe human blood, the parasite is not transmitted to humans during this process. Most of the other diseases carried by insects are transmitted through the bite. Moreover, the conditions of war result to typhus to become prevalent because of poverty, crowding, mass migrations, inadequate housing and malnutrition.   Many people have wrong notions about “typhus”, it is more often equate with typhoid or typhoid fever.  By all means, this is a wrong idea by many. Although, both have the same symptom of high fever; but the causes, transmission and pathology of these diseases are quite different; for typhoid is caused by Salmonella. (http://www.medicinenet.com/typhus/page2.htm) According to medical research made, NSAID medications commonly used to control pain and fever in both adults and children.   Although they differ largely in dosage, to treat typhus are acetaminophen which reduces fever and pain.  However, taking this drug is not recommended if a patient is alcoholic, has a liver disease or an allergy to the drug.  On the other side, aspirin decreases the pain, fever as well as the inflammation.  It is also nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID).  Similarly, taking Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen and Naproxen will result the same effect to the patients.  In this relation, taking extra precautions is necessary if the patient   is pregnant or breastfeeding has allergies, asthma, peptic ulcer disease, stomach ulcers, esophageal ulcers and bleeding problems.  It is best to consult a physician before taking these medicines for proper medical treatment and management.  Above all, people must be aware of the warning signs of typhus such as worsening fever, rashes, both legs are swelling, both arms are swelling, facial swelling, chest pain, having breathing difficulty, fainting, seizures and confusions. (http://www.freemd.com/typhus/home-care-pain-and-fever-children.htm)   References: (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-typhus.htm) (http://www.medicinenet.com/typhus/page2.htm) (http://www.freemd.com/typhus/home-care-pain-and-fever-children.htm)

Case Study on Typhus

Case Study on Typhus Medical research reveals that typhus is a term used to describe various health conditions which caused by b...

Staphylococcus aureus and its nursing implications

Staphylococcus aureus and its nursing implications               It is stated that no matter one perceive how healthy they are, an individual probably have experienced staph infections in particular on the skin, nose or throat. Staphylococcal infections, or simply staph infections, cause no problems or relatively minor skin infections but is considered deadly when bacteria burrow deep into the body as it can invade bloodstream, urinary tract, lungs and heart. Most staph infections are treatable prior to becoming resistant to all currently available medications. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common staph infection. In this paper, how such bacterium implicates the nursing practice will be discussed. The discussions will be built on issues of characteristics, types, route of transmission, disease, treatment and preventive measures. Because Staphylococcus aureus is regarded to have been common in hospitals, prevention will be discussed on the context of healthcare worker hygiene.                  Staphylococcus aureus refers to the faculatatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus spherical bacterium that occurs in microscopic clusters that resemble grapes. Bacteriological culture of the nose and skin of normal humans perpetually yields staphylococci. Kenneth Todar who wrote a book devoted to Staphylococcus aureus states that the important phenotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus are nonmotile and nonsporeforming and fermentation of glucose produces mainly lactic acid. According to him, Staphylococcus aureus is also catalase and coagulase positive. Staphylococcus aureus forms golden yellow colony on agar while the normal flora of humans found on nasal passages, skin and mucous membrane. Further, pathogens of humans cause a wide range of suppurative infections and also food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.               Twenty percent (20%) of humans are said to have long-term carriers of Staphylococcus aureus hence the spread of the bacteria is because of human-to-human contact. It can be spread through contact with pus from an infected wound and skin to skin contact with the infected person via the production of hyaluronidase which destroy the tissues. In addition, contact with objects used by an infected person including towels, sheets and clothing and also athletic equipments could be carriers of bacteria. Recently though, it was discovered that it can be transmitted through pets such as dogs, cats and horses.                   The range of illnesses from minor skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus as pimples, impetigo, boils, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses to sever conditions as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, septicemia and toxic shock syndrome. Nevertheless, although there is no vaccine that is generally available to humans to be immune of Staphylococcus infections, it can be treated with vancomycin or an alternative apart from penicillin. This could be combined with therapy that uses sulfa drugs and minocycline or rifampin. Duration of treatment depends on the site and severity of infection, however.               As a nurse, one of the most effective techniques to prevent the spread of the bacteria is through emphasizing the importance of basic hand washing especially for children. Bacterium is able to be transported by nursing staff through hands, requiring consistent self-sanitizing. Alcohol is a proven sanitizer against Staphylococcus aureus. Nurses should be particularly concern with their contacts on patients as they can be carriers. They should also be careful in detecting symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus in their patients specifically those with wounds. Aside from this, transmission could be prevented by means of cleanliness in the surrounding like in the hospitals where the use of gloves and privacy curtains are common. This requires effective routine and terminal cleaning. Minimizing the spread also means effective participation in reporting to alert the community about the presence of the bacterium.

Staphylococcus aureus and its nursing implications

Staphylococcus aureus and its nursing implications It is stated that no matter one perceive how healthy they are, an in...

Childhood Obesity

Community Health Issue Paper: Childhood Obesity   Introduction Childhood Obesity in Ethnic Minority and Low-Income Community Overweight and Obesity are among the most pressing challenges that are being faced worldwide (). It is am international public health priority (). The incidence of childhood obesity is rapidly rising throughout the world. The local socioeconomic environment, with often-profound disparities in physical and financial access to healthy foods and physical activity, may contribute to the obesity epidemic, particularly among minority groups, who tend to suffer even higher obesity rates than the general population. Higher obesity rates are associated with socioeconomic status and limited access to healthy foods (2005). Although rates of childhood obesity among the general population are alarmingly high, they are higher still in ethnic minority and low-income communities. Various environmental factors contribute to higher obesity rates among disadvantaged and minority children. Low income and minority children watch more television than white, non-poor children thus exposed to many commercials for high-fat and high sugar foods. Neighborhoods where low-income and minority children live typically have more fast-food restaurants and fewer vendors of healthful foods than do wealthier neighborhoods. Children in these neighborhoods often face many obstacles to physical activity such as unsafe streets, dilapidated parks, and lack of facilities (2006). Reason for Selection The increase in childhood obesity over the past several decades, together with the associated health problems and costs, is raising grave concern among health care professionals, policy experts, children’s advocates, and parents (2006). The issue of childhood obesity was selected because of its impacts on the children’s health and the community as a whole. Obesity in children can lead to different health problems. In addition,  (2001) argued that childhood obesity is a strong predictor of obesity in adulthood. A better understanding of the issue is necessary to prevent and combat childhood obesity. With the high and rising rates of morbidity and mortality due to obesity, the lost productivity, the impact on quality of life, and the burden on our health care system dollars--an estimated $117 billion in the year 2000--it is a problem that is too costly to ignore (2003). Description of the Problem Childhood Obesity threatens the long-term physical and psychological health of the children. It is arguably the most pervasive and serious threat to children’s health today and in the future. Although obesity, like most other chronic health problems, is caused by complex interactions between genetics and environmental factors, the rapid increase in obesity over the past 30 years strongly suggests that environmental influences are responsible for this trend (Wakefield 2004).     Background Factors According to , childhood obesity can be caused by genetic and hormonal factors. In addition, excess weight is caused by children eating to much and exercising too little. Some factors that contribute to childhood obesity, according to Mayoclinic.com include: Diet – habitual consumption of high calorie foods Inactivity – inactive leisure activities, like watching television or playing video games Genetics – some children who come from overweight families are genetically predisposed to put on excess weight Psychological factors – some children overeat to cope with problems and deal with emotions such as stress or boredom Family/ Social factors – the parents buy unhealthy foods, low-income families The United Health Foundation identified the following as the factors that cause Childhood Obesity: 1. Biological factors Although common obesity is not entirely biological or genetic, and individual behavior plays an important role for most obese individuals, the importance of biology is not to be minimized. Biological factors may govern behavioral responses to environmental conditions, foe instance, one individual may prefer the sour taste of fruits compared to the sweetness of baked desserts. Another individual may have physical abilities in sports that make exercise more enjoyable and easier to sustain. 2. Environmental factors Convincing, causative, etiological factors <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%"> Sedentary lifestyles</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%"> High Intake of energy-dense, micronutrient-poor foods</li> </ul> Probable etiological factors <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%"> Heavy marketing of fast-food outlets and energy-dense, micronutrient-poor foods and beverages</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%"> High intake of sugars-sweetened beverages</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%"> Adverse socioeconomic conditions</li> </ul> Possible (lower strength of evidence) etiological factors <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%"> Large portion sizes</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%"> Food eaten outside the home</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%"> Psychological eating patterns</li> </ul> Local Data According to The annual National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one-third are overweight or at risk of becoming overweight or nearly overweight (www.mayoclinic.com). According to a 2004 report by the Institute of Medicine Committee on Prevention of Obesity in Children and Youth, approximately 9 million American children over 6 years of age are considered obese – that is they have a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 95th percentile as calculated by the Centers for Disease Control and  Prevention ( 2005). Childhood obesity rates are increasing in low-income neighborhoods and minority groups. Sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition are among the reasons given for the increase in childhood obesity. In addition, children living in poor, urban neighborhoods are often forced by their parents to play indoors due to neighborhood safety concerns. Another possible contributing factor is the reduction in recreational sports programs for disadvantaged children, which further limits the after school physical activity options of minority children (2002). Possible Interventions The Surgeon General’s call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and obesity () declared this a national priority and called on individuals, families, communities, schools, businesses, organizations, the media, the health care system, and the government to work together toward a unified vision for a healthier America. Community-based Strategies () 1. Ensure daily, quality physical education for all school grades. 2. Ensure that more food options that are low in fat and calories. As well as fruits, vegetable, whole grains, and low fat dairy products, are available on school campuses and at school events. 3. Make community facilities available for physical activity for all people, including on the weekends. 4. Create more opportunities for physical activity 5. Reduce time spent watching television and in other sedentary behaviors. 6. Educate all expectant parents about the benefits of breast-feeding. 7. Change the perception of obesity so that health becomes the chief concern, not personal appearance. 8. Increase research on the behavioral and biological causes of overweight and obesity. 9. Educate health care providers and health profession students on the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity. Conclusion Childhood obesity is one of the most pressing problems that most communities worldwide are facing. There are different factors that cause childhood obesity. One of these is environmental or social factors. Children who live in low-income and ethnic minority communities are found to be more at risk. This is partly because of sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition. These children are also forced by their parents to stay indoors because of the safety concerns in these kinds of communities. Another contributing factor can be the reduction of recreational sports programs for disadvantaged children. Effective intervention requires proper education, involvement, and cooperation among the various groups and organizations in the community. The health care professionals also play an important role in the prevention, intervention, education and treatment of childhood obesity.

Childhood Obesity

Community Health Issue Paper: Childhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity in Ethnic Minority and Low-Income Community Overweigh...

VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR INDIVIDUAL WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR INDIVIDUAL WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY             Vocational program for individual with intellectual disability is a part of transitional program for a matured individual who are given the privilege to work like an ordinary human being. The students can participate in various training opportunities, this is a more difficult task involvement that needs their cooperation and perseverance just like in an actual work, there are reasonable adjustments that they need to just and they must highly adopt in work settings to be able to perform about the training. Teachers may need to measure a proper guideline and tolerance about this types or workers. Most of them can adopt poorly and slowly but they will soon comply just like in any other vocational student once they get familiar with the course.       Let us take for example the Woods Services at 40 Martin Gross Drive, Langhorne PA, United States they are serving people with intellectual disability since 1913. They understand the situations of their students and they are sensitive to their needs, they are the one to visit them to conduct testing and admission of these students to their home when requested. Woods Services is recognized in providing the best services by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Education and many other organizations within the country. They can provide various academic and vocational programs for all ages and they are even willing to admit residential services as required.       Woods Services can provide various services in educational and vocational for people with autism, brain injury and other intellectual disability. These offers are structured to fit their individual needs that will prepare them for future employment or on the job training. Some of the following educational and vocational activities to choose from include flower arrangement, packaging assembly, clients training and skills training supported with vocational training experts in their respective fields.  http://www.woods.org/php/services.programs/vocational.php       In Brian’s House Enterprises they offer services in vocational course for individual with intellectual disability; task involves various production processes including packaging skills, machine operation, and clerical operation. The task may involve higher theories of learning and practical approach so that students may learn seriously they are registered to operate vocational programs under the Department of Labor. They are also able to maintain their goal which is for students to increase their work ethics and tolerance, quality and quantity. Students can work 6 hours per day and five days per week and they can expect an Industry Standard Salary at work. Brian’s house is located at Trestle Place, Trestle Bridge Business Center in Downington PA, USA.       In Brian’s house in order to be accepted they will need to pass the pre evaluation test to receive such services. Ones they are accepted the students are to be assisted in their initial stages at work and they are position at the workplace according to their ability and interest so that they can be familiar with the flow until they become comfortable in the workplace then they will partly leahttp://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/10/developing-teamwork-a-case-study.htmlrn to work on their own with less supervision. They will also learn from the start how to travel back and forth; they are taught the strategy and initiatives, cooperation and standard operating procedures of various phases of work. http://www.bheonline.com/       In Australia the (ANTA) or Australian National Training Authority in Brisbane Queensland, what they do with people intellectual disability who wants to enroll in vocational courses and those who are qualified are supported and trained in specific courses and work related skills according to the interest that matches their conditions. They are evaluated to choose accordingly for Hairdressing, Cooking lessons, Jewelry making, Child Care assistance, Warehousing and Production. It is also possible for students to take two simple courses at a time according to their ability and skills.       In Sydney Institute Petersham Tafe the students must be able to demonstrate corporate and commercial skills to be able to pass the evaluation, it is therefore necessary to work on the job or the actual production of sponsored company for example 3 days to the company and 2 days in Tafe until such time the students have gained control and master the job. When the student met the job expectation by the sponsoring company and they are able to work independently they may be given the opportunity to work in the company as full time depending on their available task and evaluation. http://www.sit.nsw.edu.au/studentservices/?Media_Index_ID=728          The example organizations above are just merely a representation of hundreds of possibility and opportunity for people and individual with intellectual disability that they can join if they want there are more opportunities around the world today. The presence of the internet has given them more access wherever location they may be living, they just have to meet the opportunities. In USA alone there are more than 200,000 people with disability has been employed. http://federaljobs.net/disabled.htm.

VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR INDIVIDUAL WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR INDIVIDUAL WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY Vocational program for individual with intellectual disa...

Bronchitis

Breathing is one of the important aspects of life, but if you’re having a hard time to breathe properly, you may need to see a doctor, you may have bronchitis.   Bronchitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes in the bronchi which carry airflow from the trachea into the lungs. The thin mucous in the airways can be irritated and swollen.  Coughing is the main symptom of bronchitis. Causes Bronchitis can be cause by many different factors. It often occurs in flu and colds seasons. It may be from influenza  A and B popularly known as flu. In addition, it may come from a number of bacteria like mycoplasma pneumoniae which is also called as walking pneumonia.  Bronchitis can also occur when you inhale fumes or dust that could irritate your lungs. Chemical solvents and smoke including those of cigarette have been linked to acute bronchitis. The elderly and those with weakened immune systems, smokers, and anyone with long exposure to respiratory irritants are most likely to have bronchitis. There are many different causes of acute or chronic bronchitis. Acute Bronchitis Acute bronchitis is most often caused by viruses that infect the epithelium of the bronchi, resulting in inflammation and increased secretion of mucus. Acute bronchitis often develops during or after the course of having influenza. About 90% of acute bronchitis is caused by viruses like rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Bacteria including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis are responsible for about 10% of the cases. Chronic Bronchitis Chronic Bronchitis is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Chronic bronchitis is caused by recurring injury or irritation to the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi, resulting to inflammation, swelling and increased production of mucus. Airflow into and out of the lungs is partly blocked because of the swelling and extra mucus in the bronchi or due to reversible bronchospasm. Most cases of chronic bronchitis are caused by cigarette smoking or other forms of tobacco. Chronic inhalation of irritating fumes or dust from occupational exposure or air pollution may also be the cause. About 5% of the population has chronic bronchitis, and it is two times more common in males than females. Symptoms Cough is a common symptom of bronchitis. It is our defense mechanism to expel infectious bacteria inside our bodies. The cough may be dried or with phlegm. If you have severe phlegm production, it may lead to pneumonia if left untreated. The cough may last for two weeks giving you abdominal and muscle pains. Wheezing may also occur because of the inflammation of airways. Other common symptoms include sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, low-grade fever and the production of sputum. Chronic Bronchitis is defined as having a productive cough that lasts for 3 months or more per year for at least 2 years. Other symptoms may include wheezing and shortness of breath, especially upon exertion. The cough is often worse soon in the morning, and the sputum produced may have a yellow or green color and may be spots of blood. Diagnosis Acute Bronchitis can be diagnosed with the help of the patient’s medical history and physical examination. The doctor may examine the patient’s upper airways to look for signs of ear, nose, or throat infection including redness of the ear drums, runny nose, and post nasal drip. Redness of the throat or swelling and pus on the tonsils can help distinguish common cold, tonsillitis, and acute bronchitis symptoms. The neck may be palpated or felt to check for swollen lymph nodes. Listening to the lungs may reveal decreased air entry and wheezing. A chest X-ray may be considered if there is a concern that a pneumonia or infection of lung tissue is present. Blood tests are usually not helpful. Treatment Acute bronchitis can be treated with decongestants and expectorants. A cough suppressant may be used if the cough interferes with work and sleep conditions. You must not use antibiotics in treating acute bronchitis because as most cases acute bronchitis are caused by viruses. Using antibiotics to persons without bacterial infections will develop resistant bacteria against antibiotic. Chronic bronchitis is treated based on its symptoms. Inflammation and swelling of the respiratory epithelium may be reduced with inhaled corticosteroids. Wheezing and shortness of breath can be treated by reducing bronchospasm with bronchodilators Hypoxemia or too little oxygen in the blood can be treated with supplemental oxygen. Prevention Bronchitis may be prevented by avoiding smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke. Smoking is the leading cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. You also must have your annual flu vaccine to reduce the risk of having bronchitis. You must practice good hygiene to prevent getting viral infections. Wash your hands regularly and use hand sanitizers. If you are working with chemicals which can irritate your lungs, it is practical to wear a mask to reduce the risk of infection. References eMedicine Health, Bronchitis[Online] Available at: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/bronchitis/page3_em.htm [Accessed 22 Feb 2010] Mayo Clinic Prevention of Bronchitis[Online] Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bronchitis/DS00031/DSECTION=prevention [Accessed 22 Feb 2010] Medicine.net, Bronchitis[Online] Available at: http://www.medicinenet.com/bronchitis/page5.htm [Accessed 22 Feb 2010]

Bronchitis

Breathing is one of the important aspects of life, but if you’re having a hard time to breathe properly, you may need to see a doctor, yo...

Case Study Example on Bulimia And Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Introduction The relationship between eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder as part of a so called 'obsessive-compulsive spectrum' is discussed, with particular emphasis on the relationship between eating disorders particularly bulimia and obsessive-compulsive disorder within its theoretical perspectives. In particular the importance of distinguishing distinctions between repetitive weight controls, physical exercises and purging behaviors of eating disorder patient as the study sought to establish the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among patient with eating disorder because there is a high prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among patient with bulimia nervosa and the prevalence may be correlated with the severity of the eating disorder. Moreover, some people suffering with an eating disorder may be exhibiting other addictive or self-destructive behaviors as a fact that eating disorder is a reaction to a low self-esteem and a negative means of coping with life and stress that will affect the total well-being of the person who is in a way bulimic and shows OCD symptoms within the process.                 Background of the theoretical perspective Bulimia nervosa (BN) is one of the eating disorders identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Bulimia nervosa is characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating associated with emotional distress and a sense of loss of control accompanied by compensatory behavioral patterns aimed at preventing weight gain. Compensatory behaviors used by individuals with bulimia nervosa include excessive exercise, episodes of fasting or strict dieting, self-induced vomiting, diuretic abuse, laxative abuse, use of appetite suppressants, and/or medications intended to speed up the metabolism The mere consumption of an unusually large amount of food in a defined period without concomitant perception of loss of control is defined as an overeating episode. Similarly, the consumption of rather minimal amounts of food in a defined period with a perception of loss of control is referred to as a subjective bulimic episode. Eating disorders as a group are characterized by a fear of weight gain and a distorted body image with associated anomalies in mood, perception, response to physical and emotional cues and eating behaviors. Furthermore, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) as an anxiety disorder. It is characterized by distressing intrusive thoughts and/or repetitive actions that interfere with the individual's daily functioning. The DSM-IV criteria for OCD are as follows: The individual expresses either obsessions or compulsions.       Obsessions are defined by the following four criteria: Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images are experienced at some time during the disturbance as intrusive and inappropriate and cause marked anxiety and distress. The thoughts, impulses, or images are not simply worries about real-life problems. The person attempts to suppress or ignore such thoughts, impulses, or images or to neutralize them with some other thought or action. The person recognizes that the obsessional thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of his/her own mind. Compulsions are defined by the following two criteria: The person feels driven to perform repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation; these behaviors or mental acts either are not connected in a realistic way with what they are meant to neutralize or prevent clearly excessive during the course of the disorder, the person recognizes that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable. The obsessions or compulsions caused by marked distress are time consuming or significantly interfere with the person's normal routine, occupational or academic functioning or usual social activities or relationships. The disorder is not due to the direct physiologic effects of a substance or a general medical condition and specify with poor insight if the person does not recognize that the symptoms are excessive or unreasonable.     Discussion of experience or observation and the etiology The bulimic client will come to treatment more readily than the anorexic client. She will have a history of bingeing and purging, which has been present for some time, and she, like the anorexic client, started to diet because she thought she was fat. She may purge by taking laxatives, diet pills, diuretics, self-induced vomiting or strenuous exercise. She generally will be more impulsive and rebellious and may have had one or several suicide attempts. Although the bulimic client generally presents in a less emaciated state than the anorexic client, she can be seriously ill with upper and lower GI problems, be cross-addicted to drugs or alcohol and have family members who are substance abusers (Hsu, 1990). She may have been sexually victimized, as this history tends to be more prevalent in eating disorder clients in general (Sloan & Leichner, 1986; Wooley, 1994). Blouin, Zuro and Blouin (1990), found that bulimic clients perceive their families as being more distressed than do age-matched controls. They also reported that bulimic women perceive their families as less cohesive, less encouraging of independent behavior, less expressive, less oriented toward recreational pursuits, more oriented toward achievement, and more controlling than non-eating-disordered women.           Lisa is a 14-year-old female and her teacher consulted with the clinical nurse specialist assigned to work with the school system via a local community mental health center. With an office in the school building, the nurse had easy access to students and to teachers who had concerns or questions about particular students. Mrs. D, Lisa's teacher, sought help from the clinical nurse specialist after noticing a dramatic change in Lisa's weight over the first 10 weeks of the school year. Lisa had begun the year as a somewhat overweight, cheerful youngster with dark hair and bright green eyes who excelled at school and had a reputation as a perfectionist in her work. While Lisa's schoolwork remained exemplary, her mood and appearance had changed dramatically. She preferred to stay in the classroom at recess and read, her social contacts with female peers lessened and Mrs. D noticed that Lisa no longer ate lunch. She was observed giving most of her lunch away and nibbling at a small piece of fruit or vegetable. Mrs. D estimates that Lisa lost between 20 and 30 lb in 10 weeks and was looking very thin and gaunt. Her clothes no longer fit, and her hair appeared dry and strawlike. When questioned, Lisa denied there were any problems at home or in the classroom. Mrs. D called Lisa's mother, who worked as an evening nurse in a local hospital. An only child, Lisa was cared for by a neighbor during the evenings when her mother was at work. Lisa's father had left the home when she was quite young, and she never spoke of him.         Moreover, dieting is common among females in our weight-conscious culture. Forty percent of American women report they are dieting (Eating disorders Part II, 1997). Bulimia nervosa is defined as having two or more episodes of binge eating every week for at least 3 months and the use of inappropriate ways of avoiding weight gain from bingeing (APA, 1994). A binge consists of rapid ingestion of large amounts of food during a specific period of time that is unequivocally more than the average person would consume in the same amount of time and under the same circumstances. In addition, the individual has a sense of being unable to control the bingeing. The binge is followed by some form of inappropriate compensation, such as laxative use, diuretics, self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting, or enemas to rid the body of unneeded calories so that weight is maintained. The typical eating disorder develops in young females during adolescence; it also may develop before menarche or during adulthood (Heebrink, Sunday, & Halmi, 1995). Bulimia nervosa tends to occur later in adolescence. Once the process of dieting leads to the desired goal, the individual begins to think that maybe just a few more pounds would look even better so she continues the behavior. Although the individual refuses to eat, she continues to have a good appetite at least in the beginning (Eating disorders Part I, 1997).           Etiology Multiple theories exist about the etiology of anorexia nervosa. It probably is multifactorial in origin. Three types of predisposing factors interact, resulting in anorexia, according to Garner (1993). Steiner and Lock (1998) made the same point, stating that since patients in most eating-disorder studies tended to come from specialized eating-disorder clinics, often the studies had a greater number of seriously ill patients than would be found in a representative sample. Pryor and Wiederman studied personality features of anorexia and bulimia and found that an inhibited or avoidant personality style was found in about half the adolescents with eating disorders, regardless of diagnosis. Anorectic adolescents demonstrated more compulsivity than bulimic teens (Pollice, Kaye, Greeno, & Weltzin, 1997). Eating disorders tend to run in families, as do many other psychiatric disorders. The rate of anorexia among close female relatives of women with anorexia is 2% to 10% (Eating disorders Part I, 1997). When comparing groups of patients with an eating disorder with groups of patients with other psychiatric disorders, the eating-disorders group had a 20 percent chance of having a family member with an eating disorder, while the psychiatric patients with other diagnoses had a 6% chance of having a family member with an eating disorder (Eating disorders Part I). Eating disorders have been shown to involve interrelationships among neurotransmitters and neural pathways are involved in depressive disorders (Irwin, 1993).       Specific family interaction patterns that were observed included overprotectiveness, rigidity, enmeshment and family avoidance of conflict. Some authors believe the notion of female slenderness in western culture has been promoted by various types of media that cast young, slim women as glamorous stars and by sales campaigns that use slim, young women to sell various products, with the underlying theme that being thin results in true happiness (Rothblum, 1994; Vanderlinden, Norre, & Vandereycken, 1992). Young women desiring to be fashionable, successful and happy exercised and dieted to achieve the thin look promoted by the media (Garner & Wooley, 1991). Whatever the cause of an eating disorder, the effects can be damaging if not downright devastating and life threatening. People who weigh at least 15 percent less than the normal weight for their height may not have enough body fat to keep their organs and other body parts healthy. People with bulimia often have constant stomach pain. In fact, bulimia can actually damage a person's stomach and kidneys as a result of constant vomiting. Bulimia can also cause a person's teeth to decay because of the acids that come up into the mouth while vomiting. When a person becomes obsessed with weight, it's hard to concentrate on much else. Many times people with eating disorders become withdrawn and less social. Individuals with bulimia often spend a lot of mental energy on planning their next binge, spend a lot of their money on food and hide in the bathroom for a long time after meals and that eating disorders are not fun, bulimia can lead to feelings of guilt and depression as some individuals with eating disorders begin using drugs and other substances to help mask their feelings, which only makes the situation worse.     Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder refers to the repetitive experience of obsessions and/or compulsions that eventually interfere with daily activities, causing the person with OCD to spend hours each day performing compulsive rituals. A common ritual is for the person to wash their hands a certain amount of times at a certain time in a certain order. For someone with an eating disorder, OCD manifests itself by leading the person to count calories methodically, exercise an exact amount at a specific time every day, cutting food up in a certain order and in specific shapes, having to have everything perfect which includes weight, and so on. Because all of these activities are compulsions, meaning that they cannot be controlled until help is sought, it becomes impossible and unbearable for the person afflicted to try and stop on their own. There were about 3.3 million Americans suffer from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, or about 2.3 percent of the adult U.S. population in a given year. OCD typically starts during the teenage years or early adulthood, although recent studies have shown that some children develop the illness at earlier ages. Just as with an eating disorder, OCD is not biased it strikes all ethnic groups with males and females equally affected. In terms of personality wise, those who have other psychological problems such as depression, an eating disorder, or bipolar disorder tend to be more prone to developing OCD that others.           The link that causes these disorders to be more prone seems to be the fact that perfectionism runs high in all of these psychological problems. The person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder will usually be able to recognize that their actions are senseless, but at other times the person may be so high strung with fear about not completing a ritual that they believe strongly in their validity. For someone that has an eating disorder, OCD is a way of control over the person's body and therefore, life. The OCD controls what kind of food goes in, what shape the food is, the color, the weight, the amount, what the person does in other areas of life, and so on. By completing the compulsions, the person once again feels protected until they have to perform another task again. Often the two problems OCD and eating disorders are linked through the problem of perfectionism. It's been said that the compulsive actions are a response to always feeling that nothing the person does is good enough which has led them to over compensate for things. Although most people with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder try their hardest to keep their problem from the view of others, inevitably OCD takes over the person's life. It gets to the point where you can't go an hour without performing some kind of compulsive ritual or feeling incredible anxiety and with an eating disorder, the longer a person goes without getting the help they need and deserve, the aggravated the OCD becomes and treatment is needed.               Identify and recommend treatment based upon the theoretical perspective Weight loss may be a symptom of serious medical problems and may be related to other psychiatric disorders, such as depression or social phobias where the phobia is related to eating in public (Glod, 1998). Before making the diagnosis, the clinical nurse specialist will need to ascertain if Lisa is experiencing a distorted body image/fear of gaining weight which is diagnostic of an eating disorder (Glod, 1998). In order to further assess Lisa's problem, the CNS will need to develop an alliance with Lisa's mother and gain permission from her to work with Lisa. Irwin (1993) stressed the importance of building trust with not only the patient with anorexia but also the family, especially when the patient lives at home. The mother's statement that she was pleased with Lisa's weight loss could potentially set up an adversarial relationship between the teacher and the mother, since Mrs. D is worried about Lisa. Since eating disorders have increased incidence among female family members, it is possible that Lisa's mother has an eating disorder herself and has not recognized the seriousness of Lisa's problem or perhaps, as Huon and colleagues (1988) suggested, her mother had developed a positive image of the disorder and doesn't view Lisa as having any type of problem. Part of the diagnostic process for Lisa will be a physical examination to rule out some of the possible medical conditions identified earlier. The patient's distorted body image related to weight is distinctive to the eating disorder.         A significant weight loss can occur in depression, but the depressed patient is aware of the loss and acknowledges the seriousness of the problem is that she has fallen far below a normal weight. After gaining permission from the mother and after a physical examination, the CNS can arrange to meet with Lisa during the school day to assess the situation and plan out a strategy for her treatment. The neighbors who care for Lisa in the evenings may need to be included in planning for ways to manage Lisa's eating at dinner. The CNS will be able to monitor Lisa's weight as part of the treatment plan and may set up a plan with Mrs. D to monitor her lunchtime eating and that Lisa is quite young and early treatment in young patients shows the greatest success. Treatment Approaches Treating the eating-disordered adolescent occurs in many types of programs and settings, such as inpatient, outpatient, partial hospitalization, and intensive outpatient treatment programs. Many of the programs were developed in the late 1980s by hospitals in order to receive insurance reimbursement and to decrease the amount of time a client would need to spend as an inpatient. The majority of eating-disordered individuals in this country are treated now as outpatients because inpatient programs have closed as the result of poor insurance reimbursement. Various treatment approaches have been employed to stop disordered eating patterns and return the client to a premorbid state. Garner, Fairburn, and Davis (1987) found that the majority of treatment programs employed an exclusively cognitive-behavior mode of treatment or selectively combined cognitive-behavior principles with other approaches.   A team approach of healthcare professionals generally is involved in treatment whatever the setting as Garner, Garfinkel and Irvine (1986) suggested that a combination of treatment sequencing include cognitive restructuring therapy, meal planning, the introduction of avoided foods and regular weighing. Cognitive restructuring therapy is aimed at challenging the distorted perceptions about weight and shape that may be tied to cultural values. They concluded that a critical factor in the treatment of disordered eating is achieving a balance between attending to both psychological issues and the biological disturbances brought about by weight loss and disturbed eating patterns (Hoffman & Halmi, 1993). Furthermore, antidepressants also proved useful in the treatment of bulimia nervosa when combined with group and individual psychotherapy or as the primary therapeutic modality. Eating-disordered clients often have associated mental diagnoses such as affective disorders, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder as well as substance abuse and (Clarkin-Watts, 1996; Hatsukami, Eckert, Mitchell, & Pyle, 1984; Root et al., 1986) because of the multifaceted nature of bulimia nervosa, a comprehensive psychiatric assessment is essential to developing the most appropriate treatment strategy. Patients should be referred to a mental health professional with specific expertise in this area. The most appropriate course of treatment can be determined on the basis of a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical condition, associated eating behaviors and attitudes, body image, personality and interpersonal relationships. Considerable research has been devoted to identifying the most effective pharmacologic and psychologic treatments for bulimia nervosa, including the effects of different medications and the benefits of different psychotherapy approaches.   Conclusion Therefore, people with eating disorders can get well and gradually learn to eat normally again. Because anorexia and bulimia involve both the mind and body, medical doctors, mental health professionals, and dietitians will often be involved in a person's treatment and recovery. Therapy or counseling is a critical part of treating eating disorders in many cases, family therapy is one of the keys to eating healthily again. Parents and other family members are important in helping a person see that his or her normal body shape is perfectly fine and that being thin doesn't make anyone happy. The most critical thing about treating eating disorders is to recognize and address the problem as soon as possible like all bad habits, unhealthy eating patterns become harder to break the longer a person takes part in them. If you have an eating disorder, don't wait to get help as bulimia can do a lot of damage to the body and mind if left untreated and worst, eating disorders can kill and at best, they leave a person feeling and looking terrible as people must remember that eating disorders are common among teens and more importantly that treatment is out there. Therefore, for treatment, a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and the use of anti-depressant medication have been shown to help greatly with treating OCD and eating disorders. The anti-depressants reduce the severity of OCD symptoms and a concomitant reduction of the anxiety and distress that accompanies the obsessions, while the cognitive behavioral therapy helps with the severity and frequency of OCD. More than half of patients have their symptoms relieved by an anti-depressant, but usually if the medication is discontinued the patient will go into relapse and will feel the same obsessions and compulsions.

Case Study Example on Bulimia And Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Introduction The relationship between eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder as part of a so called 'obsessive-compuls...

Renal Failure

Renal Failure Introduction Human health is the main focus of the health care providers and through the intervention of the technology and medicines, the health and wellness can be promoted. Many of the health care providers are aiming to achieve the medical innovation that can satisfy and be suitable in the needs of the patients. Most of the medical practitioners are aware of the changes happening and this created a great impact in the worth of the health of the people in the world. Many of the health organizations are collaborating to provide the adequate help that the patients need. The Renal Failure Renal failure or acute renal failure is the disability of the kidney to work in a normal way. The human kidneys remove waste products and help to balance the intake of water, salt, and other minerals in the blood. When the kidney failed to perform these actions, the waste products, fluids, and minerals such as electrolytes will build up in human body that will result in internal body problems and can be deadly.  The causes of the renal failure in various circumstances like a sudden, serious heavy blood loss came from an injury, or a body infection called sepsis that reduce blood flow to the kidneys. With a not enough fluid in the body or dehydration is another part of harming the kidneys. Medicines, poisons, or infections can also cause renal failure which can be mostly seen on the patients who have serious, long-term health problems. Antibiotics, pain medicines, and even blood pressure inhibitors. Another indication for the failure is the sudden blockage caused by the kidney stones, tumor, injury or an enlarged prostate gland can stops urine from flowing out of the kidneys is another cause of acute renal failure (Hurley, 2000). According to the tests, the symptoms of getting the renal failure are very evident. The patient experience little and sometimes no urine when urinating, lose of appetites, nausea and vomiting. The health care providers often observed the swelling of the patient’s feet and legs, the paranoia, anxiety or restlessness and sleepy attitude of the patient, and often complain about the chest pain. Signs and Symptoms The early clinical signs of the renal failure are vague and nonspecific like the lethargy, anorexia, nausea, depression, vomiting diarrhea, and dehydration. In the later stages of the renal failure, the systematic changes will be noticeable such as the weakness of the body, respiratory distress, and the worst id coma. The recognition of the disease needs to have therapy that might trigger to the full salvage of the kidney (Hurley, 2000). Renal failure is a serious and rapidly advancing condition that can increase the mortality, therefore is should be diagnosed and treated very promptly (Cetinkaya, et al., 2009). Diagnosis The primary indication of the renal failure is either oliguric or anuric (Labato and Ross, 2003). Experts recognize the hemodialysis as an effective way to treat the oliguric and non-oliguric renal failure. The patient may have the complication in the system if there are presence of any cerebral malaria, acidosis, and hyperparasitemia and aside form that, there are many other recognized mechanisms that may contribute to the development of the renal failure. Most of the victims of the renal failure are the adults of Southeast Asia (Wilairatana, et al., 1999). The history and physical examination are essential in the diagnosis of the renal failure. Through the series of examination, the results of urinalysis, laboratory investigations, and imaging studies. There should be an effort in determining the presence and cause that might contribute to the enhancement of the diagnosis and therapy of the renal failure (Hurley, 2000). Conclusion The renal failure became common in the society and its existence also became a major challenge in medicine and laboratory practices. Because of the unrelenting behavior of the people in using their body, the consequences appear in the presence of disease in the human body. The renal failure can be avoided if the people are doing all of the strategies to prevent it. Once the immune system of the body failed, the other following diseases might attack and use its weakness.  A renal failure may occur within hours after the injury to the kidneys. In addition, the early recognition of the disease, having the knowledge regarding the risk factors, and the anticipation of the renal damage are the key to the successful of the treatment, medication, and management of the patients. The responsibility of the people and the health care providers should focus on the improvement of the health and well-being of the people especially on those people who are admitted with renal failure.     References: Cetinkaya, R., Uyanik, A., Keles, M., & Bilen, Y., 2009. Rhabdomyolysis-Related Acute Renal Failure and Bi-Phasic Calcium Metabolism. Pak Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 25 No. 1. [Online] Available at: http://www.pjms.com.pk/issues/janmar09/pdf/31.cr03.pdf. [Accessed 12 Feb 2010]. Hurley, K., 2000. Acute Renal Failure. [Online] Available at: www.walthamusa.com/articles/Hurley.pdf. [Accessed 12 Feb 2010]. Labato, M., & Ross, L., 2003. Tufts Clinical Case study: Treatment of Leptospirosis/ Acute Renal Failure. [Online] Available at: http://www.tufts.edu/vet/vet_common/pdf/petinfo/dvm/case_april2003.pdf. [Accessed 12 Feb 2010]. Wilairatana, P., Westerlund, E., Aursudkji, B., Vannaphan, S., Krudsood, S., Viriyavejakul, P., Chokejindachai, W., Treeprasertsuk, S., Srisuriya, P., Gordeuk, V., Brittenham, G., Neild, G., & Looareesuwan, S., 1999. Treatment of Malarial Acute Renal Failure by Hemodialysis, The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 60, No. 2. [Online] Available at: http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/60/2/233.pdf. [Accessed 12 Feb 2010].

Renal Failure

Renal Failure Introduction Human health is the main focus of the health care providers and through the intervention of the technology...