Quotations
Short quotations may be run into the text, using single quotation marks eg As Kelvin stated (1) ‘the value of…’
Longer quotations should be separated from the rest of the text by means of indentation and optional size reduction, and do not need quotation marks:
eg Simone de Beauvoir (1972, p365) examined her own past and wrote:
The past is not a peaceful landscape lying there behind me, a country in which I can stroll wherever I please, and will gradually show me all its secret hills and dates. As I was moving forward, so it was crumbling.
Arranging references in the bibliography
References are arranged in numerical order using the same number you assigned them in the body of the text.
Book References
Include where possible the following information in the following order :
Author
Surname first, followed by initial/s.
If there is more than 1 author, include them in the order they appear on the
title page. If there are more than 3 , record the first, followed by et al.
If the book is edited, use ed. after the name.
If there is no author (the work is anonymous), begin the reference with the
title of the book.
Title
Capitalise the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns.
Underline title or use italics – whichever option you use, be consistent.
Edition
Only include the edition number if it is not the first.
Publisher and Date
Include the place of publication, followed by the publisher, followed by the
date of publication.
Pages
If quoting a specific section include the pages where the quote occurs.
Insert the abbreviation p. before the page numbers.
Examples of book reference :
eg 1. Pilcher, J. Age and generation in modern Britain. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1995.
eg 2. Kimmel, M.S., Messner, M.A. eds. Mens’ lives. 4th ed. London: Allyn
and Bacon, 1997.
Section in book edited by another :
eg 3. Franklin, A.W. Management of the problem in Smith, S.M. ed. The
Maltreatment of children. MTP, 1978, p.83.
Journal references
Include information as detailed overleaf. Information can usually be found at head of article or contents page. Remember if you have referred to a journal article in your text, number the reference to match its number in the text.
Author
As for books – see above.
Title
Use the title given at the beginning of the article.
Title of journal
Use the title given on the front of the journal and underline or use italics.
Volume and Issue or part number
Include volume number and issue number (issue number in brackets).
Date
Where possible record the month as well as year.
Pages
As for books – see above.
eg King, A. Football fandom and post-national identity in the new Europe.
The British Journal of Sociology, 51(3), 2000, p.419-442.
Newspaper articles
eg Bailey, M. Hopes for ports reorganisation despite dock labour squalls.
Times, 29 May 1975, p.21.
Videos
eg Perlman, I. Itzak Perlman. Produced and directed by Tony deNonno.
10 min, 1985. Video.
Conference Papers
The author (or organisation) is the first part of the reference. However if there is no author, the title forms the first part of the reference.
eg International Conference on Scientific Information. Washington: Scientific Association, 1997.
NB If you wish to cite references in your bibliography to which you have not directly referred in the body of the text, include these references in a separate bibliography arranged alphabetically by surname of author and include the elements as indicated above.
Further reading
Bosworth, D. Citing your references: a guide for authors of journal articles and students writing theses or dissertations. Thirsk: Underhill Press, 1992.
British Standards Institution. Recommendations for references to published materials. London: BSI, 1989 (BS 1629).
British Standards Institution. Recommendations for citing and referencing published materials. London: BSI, 1990 (BS 5605).
British Standards Institution. Recommendations for citation of unpublished documents. London: BSI, 1983 (BS 6371).
Dees,R. Writing the modern research paper, 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1997.
University of Chicago Press. The Chicago manual of style.14th ed.Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Citing electronic resources
Electronic resources, including the internet, are subject to copyright in exactly the same way as printed books or journals. To show the extent of your research, and to avoid plagiarism, it is essential that you fully acknowledge the source of all direct quotations, and other people's writing to which you refer in your work, including information from all electronic resources.
Citing electronic resources in the body of the text:
Number your citations in the order in which they appear in your text, using round or square brackets. For example:
eg It is crucial not to assume that all information found on the Web is of equal value (1).
The Government's proposals on mental health reform met with a mixed response (2).
Arranging electronic resources in the bibliography:
As far as possible, provide the same information you would provide for a print reference (author, title, date the document was written, if these are stated). Also provide the exact address from which you retrieved the page and the date on which you retrieved it, as the Web changes constantly. List your entries in numerical order to match the sequence of references in your text.
Example of web page:
Mind. Mind calls on Government to follow words with firm action. 2005. Available at: http://www.mind.org.uk/News+policy+and+campaigns/Press/Mindreacts.htm (Accessed:
5 September 2005).
Example of electronic journal:
Francis, Becky. University Lecturers' Perceptions of Gender and Undergraduate Writing.
British Journal of Sociologyof Education, 24(3), 2003, p. 357-373. Available at:
http://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/library/ejnls.html (Accessed:5 September 2005).
NB It is recommended that this url is used for all electronic journals accessed via Oxford Brookes University Library web pages, rather than a long url specific to a particluar title.
EndNote
You can use EndNote, available form the Library and pooled room computers, to build up a database of your references. EndNote will automatically format the citations in your text and the references in your bibliography in the style you need. For full details see:
http://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/library/endnote.html
Further reading
Li, Xia and Crane, Nancy. Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information. 2nd ed. Medford, N.J.: Information Today, 1996.
University of Northumbria at Newcastle. Cite them right. 1998. Retrieved on 14th December 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://online.northumbria.ac.uk/isd/cite/
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