Research Essay – Women’s Transition To Motherhood Had Demonstrated That Many Women Are Often Unprepared For The Transition To Parenthood, And Particularly Self-Care And Baby Care

 

Introduction

Amiably, research into women’s transition to motherhood has demonstrated that many women are often unprepared for the transition to parenthood, and particularly self-care and baby care. Several studies have also found that women’s postnatal needs are not being met, The National Health and Medical Research Council (1996) suggests that many women feel abandoned during the postpartum period. Notably, Tarkka, Paunonen and Laippala (2000 in Barnes, et al. 2008 pp. 33-34), have noted that motherhood has been described as unique experience and is seen as significant rite of passage and entry into adulthood (Crouch and Mandersen, 1993; Mercer, 1981 in Barnes, et al. 2008 pp. 33-34). Some women feel ill-prepared (McVeigh, 2000 in Barnes, et al. 2008 pp. 33-34), experiencing sense of loss, isolation and fatigue (Rogan, Shmied, Barclay, Everitt and Wyllie, 1997 in Barnes, et al. 2008 pp. 33-34) as the overwhelming tiredness (McQueen and Mander, 2003; McVeigh, 2000; Tarkka, Paunonen and Laippala, 1999 in Barnes, et al. 2008 pp. 33-34), along such unrelenting demands of child care. Aside, Nystrom and Ohrling (2004 in Barnes, et al. 2008 pp. 33-34) have highlighted some difficulties new mothers face, suggesting that having primary responsibility for the infant leads to feelings of powerlessness, guilt, loss, anger, and resentment.

Moreover, agreeing to research that in families transitions represent periods of change where there are shifts in their lifestyles from one stage to another (Price, McKenry and Murphy, 2000). Pregnancy and the transition to parenthood is major developmental period with important implications for parents, for child and parent relationship and the infant's development. Research has consistently demonstrated that it is stressful event and brings about more profound changes than any other developmental stage of the family life cycle (Osofsky and Osofsky, 1984; Cowan and Cowan, 1995, Priel and Besser,  2002). Women report massive changes to lifestyle and routines, easy adaptation is not usual uniformly problematic and is not bound by any timeframe (Oakley, 1980; Mercer, 1986). Many studies dealing transition to parenthood have asked new parents retrospectively about their experiences and needs during their pregnancy and in the early perinatal period rather than prospectively (Cowan and Cowan, 1992; McKellar, Pincombe and Henderson, 2006; de Montigny, Lacharite and Amyot, 2006). However, these often include women who attend antenatal/postnatal classes, therefore excluding women from certain socio-economic deprived backgrounds, and focus on women and not of their respective partners (Pridham and Chang, 1992).

Evaluate current midwifery practice in the provision of routine postnatal care

McCourt et al (1998, p. 73) have asserted that, the midwifery practices have been in the position of optimal success as presence of care path demonstration is of strong assumption as there relates to proper maternity services as it should be put into practice as such policy should comply to postnatal care maternity service as postnatal services provided by midwives will be integral to the understanding of postnatal care underpinnings and domains. Research study done by has demonstrated that women are satisfied with one on one postnatal care exercised by midwives as certain actions and practices have to be assessed in accordance to effective care as well as midwife practice the gaining of better understanding of women's needs in lieu to postnatal maternity service.
References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article.

MacArthur et al (2002, p. 378) have noted that some of postnatal care incurs to physical and psychological morbidity which may not be addressed by midwife led care, which tends to focus on routine examinations as there should be application of cluster based trial to assess community postnatal care that has been the responsibility of midwifery as there designs upon identifying as well as managing of self care and baby care within postnatal period.  Thus, asserted that midwives from practices have provided effective postnatal care as care must be comprehensive and exclusive as led by certain midwives as it can be with or without routine contact with physicians.

Agreeing to the practice in which midwives utilizes symptom checklists as well as the application and execution of a postnatal depression scaling as there identification and recognition of health needs and guidelines for postnatal care and management linked for woman needs as she faces motherhood reality. The nee to support transition of women from motherhood to parenthood by means of teaching and giving baby care training, what are some dos and don’ts of mother and baby care relationship and it is ideal to start from the basics such as proper handling of the newborn, correct positions during breastfeeding and baby bathing as well as what to do in times of baby care problems such as baby have skin rashes and other concerns. Thus, midwifery practices are in better action to take account of women's views about self care and baby care. The need to reconsider as well as redesign of postnatal care so that it is midwife oriented as well as flexible and tailoring to the needs and concerns of a mother as she becomes parent to her child as midwives does amiably help improve women's cognitive health and reduce probable depression for instance, during three to four months under postpartum period.

Practice for ideal midwifery care can be preferred to obstetrician care and did not lead to any deficits in clinical outcomes as there maybe features of midwifery provision as maintain the spirit of childbirth policy changes as from the perspective of maternal well being in a physical and psychological matter, the practice initiatives can be highly successful to the transition phase of women from motherhood to parenthood stage.  Several midwives remain positive about working to provide effective postnatal care as service dedication and satisfaction are influenced by barriers to effective care beyond control, which limits the time available to spend with women for support and attention.

Midwives have reviewed aims of postnatal care to include education and support of women with breastfeeding and parenting skills, helping in women's physical recovery after pregnancy and birth. Midwives’ perception of factors that influence women's satisfaction with postnatal care is consistent with what people knew such as views towards continuity of care, individualized unrushed care as well as flexibility in routine based practices. Thus, with evidence from midwives and women about certain unsatisfactory nature of current provision and organization of postnatal care, innovative driven strategies and approaches to midwife practice oriented episode to detailed postnatal care should be explored in a proper context formation and awareness to care.

It is imperative to recognize as well as evaluate practice led effectiveness of midwifery based care such as for the reduction of postnatal depression ratios in women mostly those women who have background histories of maternal depression. Meanwhile  current midwifery practices does have pressing impact on motherhood to parenthood domains but the practice will adhere to a successful transition that engages women to adopt postnatal care particular giving in of baby care as extensive as possible and that midwifery will imply to essential care contribution as geared for ideal care of the child-bearing women with several health issues and problems.

 According to research investigation by McKellar, Pincombe and Henderson (2006, p.358) that the “reduction of time available to midwives during the hospital postnatal stay suggests that there is a need to review postnatal care as innovative strategies are required which give attention to specific family needs and assist in the transition to parenthood and new ideas and changes are not always readily accepted in midwifery practice”. McKellar, Pincombe and Henderson (2006, p.359) have further noted that there appears that the provision of hospital postnatal care has been influenced by an underlying culture in midwifery practice, which in turn, has impeded the change required to enhance postnatal care.

 

Evidence-based recommendations for the provision of effective postnatal care for women and their babies

Waldenstrom et al (2000, p. 156) have indicated that, although policy makers have suggested improved continuity of midwifery can possibly increase women's satisfaction with care in childbirth, evidence based on trials is lacking. New models of care, such as birth centers and team midwife care, try to increase the continuity of care and caregiver. The need to evaluate the effect of new team midwife care program with postnatal care after pregnancy. Practice and midwife care has been associated with increased satisfaction as noticeable for postnatal care and that, midwife care is important to increase satisfaction with postnatal care relating to effective self and baby care giving and other ways.

There is need for research to provide such voice to midwives in identifying the barriers and current problems in organization of maternity care such as in Australian based perspective as there analyses issues affecting current practice in midwifery. Indeed, the invisibility of midwifery does ensure certain ongoing strategic control of maternity services and denial of several rights of women to have full coverage and access of midwifery care. Lavender et al (1998, p. 215) have concluded that, the support, counseling, understanding, and explanation given to women by midwives in the postnatal period provides benefits to psychological well-being. Maternity units have a responsibility to develop a service that offers all women the option of attending a session to discuss their labor. Further, integrating to the reorganisation of maternity services to enable women to receive continuity of care has benefits for women and that benefits of known labor midwife needs further investigation and proof study.

Barclay et al (1997, p. 719) implied such application of analysis providing in conceptualization of motherhood enabling the development of strategies for midwives and others helping women negotiate postnatal and baby care challenge. However, the practice of midwifery care is of better stature upon having ideal experience to appraise the quality and relevance of currently available research evidence to develop best practice model of women care in transition phase in which the midwife is the leader for the postnatal care ways as for example, the practice of offering women flexible visit schedule and continuity of care throughout  the postnatal period in accordance to validation of contemporary midwifery profession and practice realized through successful implementation and evaluation of midwifery based care effectiveness for women and their babies. Several midwives have worked in such groups within health clinics but women usually see more than one midwife during the period of pregnancy and women with uncomplicated pregnancies will continue the midwifery care, whereas others may be placed under consultant obstetric care case by case basis.

There is a need to engage into postnatal classes/workshops to be realized and run by midwives offered to couples from around 2 weeks after pregnancy , covering issues such as after birth care, hygiene, baby care such as breastfeeding and ensure aspects of better parenting handling. The uptake of classes will vary depending upon the area and postnatal reunion session can be offered as most women give birth in maternity hospitals and return home within the first or second postnatal day as a parent taking the baby home without much practical baby care instruction. In addition, the providing of effective postnatal guidelines (NICE, 2006) as parents are given contact details for their midwives and will depending on woman's individual requirement, to have visitations at home for several weeks.

Thus, pressures on maternity services  have resulted in reduction in home visits and there receive minimal number of visits at home from the midwife as effective and reliable source of postnatal and baby care information and someone to whom women in transition could turn to for advice and support. The need to recognize and be aware of ample source of information given out by midwives particular the MHZ Pregnancy Book as there implies to comprehensive guide given to expectant parents (Department of Health, 2007) in support of various materials such as leaflets.

Setting proper ways for breastfeeding – transition oriented women gain advice and information about breastfeeding from midwives, either in antenatal/postnatal classes where videos might be used or through giving brochures or leaflets to read. Postnatal, women could understand why the changes had taken place but would have preferred to have been warned in advance and becoming parent form major transitional period in new parent's life. Highlighting inter-connectedness of diverse elements in women’s lives and that change in one area as the baby, affects the areas, demonstrating the need for parents to continue the feeling of awareness and preparation  towards transition reality

Conclusion

Therefore, there highlighted women transition from such postnatal care as noted by evaluative points towards the practice of midwifery care and its process as there allows motherhood presence turning preparation for parenthood, as there implies to evaluation and provision for effective postnatal care among women and their babies as this put emphasis and relevance to midwifery care, health providers and researchers upon improvement of midwife led practice for postnatal care. Integrating functions of midwives as there influence on new parents in lieu to postnatal class/workshops to discuss experiences of becoming mothers and parents as well as encourage women to attend sessions about proper baby care such as on breastfeeding to achieve parenting awareness and actively promote effective ways to discuss potential changes in the postnatal care. Future research in the provision should examine effectiveness of methods by which information and support can be offered to women in transition whilst not imposing work on healthcare professionals.

Indeed, the encouraging of mothers as they are parents to attend postnatal classes to talk about concerns and experiences after child birth. Thus, research is needed to explore fathering roles in postnatal care. To allow effective midwifery training and update practices to the profession to incur positive maternal input in a well documented manner, know certain interventions as effectively as possible, improving experience of mother care in the postnatal period. Thus, the need to provide basis for understanding salient needs of postnatal parents from such wider and ample perspective.

 

References

Barclay L et al (1997) Becoming a mother-an analysis of women's experience of early motherhood.  Journal of Advanced Nursing. 25(4) pp. 719-728, April 1997

 

Barnes M et al (2008) Learning About Baby: What New Mothers Would Like to Know. Continuing Education Module. The Journal of Perinatal Education Summer 2008, Volume 17, Number 3 pp. 33-41

 

Cowan C and Cowan P (1995) Interventions to ease the transition to parenthood: why they are needed and what they can do. Family Relations, 44 pp. 412-423

 

Cowan CP and Cowan PA (1992) When partners become parents: The big life change for couples New York: Harper Collins

 

Crouch M and Manderson L (1993) New motherhood: Cultural and personal transitions. Camberwell, U.K. Gordon and Breach

 

Department of Health (2007) The Pregnancy Book London: COI, Department of Health

 

Lavender T et al (1998) Can Midwives Reduce Postpartum Psychological Morbidity? A Randomized Trial. Birth. 25(4) pp. 215-219, December 1998

 
References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this articleMacArthur C et al (2002) Effects of redesigned community postnatal care on womens' health 4 months after birth: a cluster randomized controlled trial.  The Lancet Volume 359 Issue 9304, February 2002, pp. 378-385

 

McCourt C et al (1998) Evaluation of One-to-One Midwifery: Women's Responses to Care. Birth. 25(2) pp. 73-80, June 1998. Blackwell Science Ltd

 

McKellar LV Pincombe JI and Henderson AM (2006) Insights from Australian parents into educational experiences in the early postnatal period. Midwifery 22(4) pp. 356-364

 

McQueen A and Mander R (2003) Tiredness and fatigue in the postnatal period. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(5), 463–469

 

McVeigh C (2000) Investigating the relationship between satisfaction with social support and functional status after childbirth. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 25(1), 25–30

 

Mercer RT (1986) First-time Motherhood: Experiences from Teens to Forties New York: Springer

 

Mercer R (1981) A theoretical framework for studying factors that impact on the maternal role. Nursing Research, 30(2), 73–77

 

de Montigny F Lacharite C and Amyot E (2006) The transition to fatherhood: the role of formal and informal support structures during the post-partum period. Texto and Contexto Enfermagem, 15(4) pp. 601-9

 

NICE (2006) Postnatal care: routine postnatal care for women and their babies. Clinical Guidelines London: National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care

 

Nystrom K and Ohrling K (2004) Parenthood experiences during the child’s first year: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(3), 319–330

 

Oakley A (1980) Women Confined: Towards a Sociology of Childbirth Oxford: Martin Robertson

 

Osofsky J and Osofsky H (1984) Eds: Transition to Parenthood New York: Wiley

 

Price S McKenry P and Murphy M (2000) Eds: Families across Time: A Life Course Los Angeles, California: Roxbury Publishing Company

 

Pridham KF and Chang AS (1992) Transition to being the mother of a new infant in the first 3 months: maternal problem solving and self-appraisals. J Adv Nurs, 17(2) pp. 204-216

 

Priel B and Besser A (2002) Perceptions of early relationships during the transition to motherhood: the mediating role of social support. Infant Mental Health Journal 23(4) pp. 343-360

 

Rogan, F Shmied V Barclay L Everitt L and Wyllie A (1997) Becoming a mother—Developing a new theory of early motherhood. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 877–885

 

Tarkka M Paunonen, M and Laippala P (1999) Social support provided by public health nurses and the coping of first-time mothers with child care. Public Health Nursing, 16(2), 114–119

 

Tarkka M Paunonen M and Laippala P (2000) Firsttime mothers and child care when the child is 8 months old. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(1), 20–26

 

Waldenstrom U et al (2000) Does Team Midwife Care Increase Satisfaction with Antenatal, Intrapartum, and Postpartum Care? A Randomized Controlled Trial.  Birth. Issues in Perinatal Care. 27(3) pp. 156-167, September 2000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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A Sociological Imagination on Reading

Introduction

            The sociological imagination is a voyage to the tides of humanity.  This paradigm opens one’s imagination to the appreciation of both the silent and turbulent seas.  No matter what and how big or small the issue is, one can always understand it in accordance with the sociological imagination.  This essay has 3 objectives.  Because the general aim is to provide a sociological account of a certain topic, the first one is to provide a synopsis of the chosen article under study.  Secondly and most importantly, it is going to utilize a sociological perspective on the article.  Lastly, it is going to identify the key differences between a sociological perspective and a journalistic account of the article. 

 

Article Synopsis

            In the article entitled “Lessons at Three ‘Put Children off Reading’” by Laura Clark, she exposed the issue and warning from education specialists as well — “children are being put off reading by being given formal lessons too early”.  British kids as young as 3 were reported to be the only ones who begin formal literacy training at that very young age.  Education specialists — an Oxford psychology professor and 2 government literacy advisers — stood on the ground that “formal reading should not start too early”.  Ministers were being asked to take into account skills.  To resolve the matter, educational specialists proposed that “early years’ education should be about laying sound foundations for literacy”; and that the early years’ education should appeal as enjoyable and fun for the children in order to facilitate their motivation. 

 

Sociological Analysis of the Article

            Why would British authorities implement an educational policy that places a premium on formal literacy at such early age?  Because British society places a premium on merits (Macionis 2004, p251).  A meritocratic society is one in which, its social stratification is grounded on one’s personal merits.  Thus, as young as the Britons are, they are being coerced to play or act out the role being asked of the as students or pupils.  They are already pressured to conform with the meritocratic norm of British society. 

 

            Structures exist to provide behavioral guidelines to the members of society (Henslin 2005, p. 160).  The structural-functionalist framework envisions society as “a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability” (Macionis 2004, p. 14).  The problem exposed in the newspaper article at hand can be understood accordingly in this light, wherein a large structure out there impinges upon the young children to comply with the standard behavior, i.e. to be academically excellent at a very young age.  They are expected to be capable in reading and writing.  They are expected to be able already in comprehending words.  These are the accepted values that they must likewise accept. 

 

            What good or benefit does early years’ formal literacy education bring?  Still following the said perspective, it can be said that the young children, having been doing their function of academic excellence, contribute to the maintenance of societal order.  There is progress within British society given that its young members do their function.  In a different paradigm known as Social-conflict, schooling is regarded as a form of social control (Macionis 2004, p. 522). 

 

            Social institutions refer to the “organized, usual or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs” (Henslin 2005, p. 99).  Education is considered to be one of society’s social institutions.  It legitimizes schooling, being a social activity.  Education, undoubtedly, serves many functions in the society.  Where the world is at today, especially industrialized and even developing ones, is due to this social institution.  Likewise, it has contributed to specialization or division of labour (not only in the light of economics but also in government, medicine, etc.) of society.  However, there is more than just educating the members of society.  Above all these things, education serves a crucial element in socializing its British children for that matter. 

 

            Socialization is the enduring process of developing human capacities and acquiring all the ways of living, i.e., the culture of the society by which one belongs (Macionis 2004, p. 655).  British children, as young as they are, are being socialized to the meritocratic value or belief or norm of their society.  the school, being one of its primary agents, is molding them to be the best students, at the same time active citizens of the state.  They are being taught to comprehend words.  They are being asked to read and eventually appreciate immediately books.  Corollary to this, reading is the key to listen to the voice of the great thinkers of history.  Other than knowledge, they learn culture more importantly.  Just imagine how advantageous would this be for British society when its young citizens endow themselves in reading the great British writings — literature, theories, etc. — through time.  This speaks for one of the “intended consequences” of this educational endeavor. 

 

            Robert Merton has revived functionalism into one that has an intended and unintended consequences.  There is a function and dysfunction as well in society; or manifest and latent functions respectively (Henslin 2005, p. 322).  In effect, this early years’ educational policy had the unintended consequence of these children holding over reading.  British authorities failed to look at the nature of children being inadequately advanced yet in speech, attention, and social skills upon school entry, which paved the way to the perceived unintended consequence by the educational experts. 

 

            In order to resolve the “long tail of underachievement”, educational policy-makers thought of creating one that devotes heavily during the early years.  The rationale behind was that the early age is a crucial learning phase, thereby leading to personal growth and development of the individual.  That the children are being educated at the earliest age possible really says a lot.  Childhood experiences constitute the individual’s foundation, and reading as part of it is deemed to have a significant implication in the latter years.  This could be why it was believed to be the solution, or the manifest function in Merton’s terms, to the problem of underachievement.  While early years’ formal literacy proved seemingly an attractive answer, British policy inventors included not in the policy-making process the children’s natural state that accounted for its inefficiency. 

 

            From a macrosociological approach, the analysis shifts into a microsociological one.  Social interaction is said to be the defining analytical tool in this perspective (Henslin 2005, pp. 92-93).  Human beings are meaning-giving beings.  For what reason did the educational experts campaign for a childhood educational experience to be a fun and enjoyable one?  Following a microsociological leaning, it could be that reading, as part of childhood experience should generate or generates meaning from the children themselves.  A fun and enjoyable learning environment was being fought and sought for these British pupils, because these social beings, as young as they are, were believed to be motivated and to quest for knowledge eventually if they find the learning experience to be a meaningful one.  Motivation comes from their interaction with their school mates or play mates.  Human beings are social beings.  Therefore, reading can be confined to the social factor called social interaction, the so-called process wherein individuals act and react according to the individuals outside of them (Macionis 2004, p. 139). 

 

            Take the concept of play.  Play is more that just an activity, but a meaningful activity and/or experience among the children.  It is when they assume roles and act these roles out, along with their playmates who do likewise.  Children therefore, are being robbed of the most important social activity.  They are being asked to be proficient in language use at an early age, despite the fact that “they still lack first-hand experiences”, which are necessary in order for them to have something to share with in class.  Reading is not just something in which the reader encounters words that speak of something.  Readers, in order to comprehend what they are reading on, have to grasp the idea behind or envision in their minds the reading material.  Consider especially the case of the children, whose imaginations are indeed wild and outrageous in the eyes of the adults. 

 

            These discussions, which are applications of the sociological perspective, have been drawn interestingly from a macrosociological one into a microsociological one.  It is necessary to take both perspectives in order to provide a holistic view of the problem — children hold over reading because of early year’s formal literacy.  In this manner, not only reading is understood as a behavioral guideline imposed by a larger structure, but also as a meaningful activity derived from a child’s interaction with other children. 

 

The Sociological Imagination

            Sociology is a social science discipline that scientifically or systematically studies society and human behavior (Henslin 2005, p. 5; Macionis 2005, p. 1).  Although that it belongs to the category of the humanities or the natural sciences is still a debated issue, sociology has utilized a systematic approach or adopted the scientific methods in the inquiry of society and human behavior. 

 

            Berger (1963) asserts that “seeing the general in the particular” is what the sociological perspective is all about (cited in Macionis 1995, p. 1).  It is locating oneself or a simple event in a broad or general picture.  And that is what the sociological imagination is all about.  One’s imagination reaches a wide array of social factors that lie underneath human behavior (Henslin 2005, p. A-1).  Sociological imagination is embarking on a course of social discovery.  Not to disregard the fact that it also entails a holistic or general approach toward a particular problem. 

 

            Can the article scrutinized in this essay be considered as one that is produced out of sociological imagination?  Certainly not.  It is a journalistic account.  Journalistic accounts expose “truth” in terms of facts.  To a more extreme, it leans on objectivity, leaving the reading public freely attach the values.  However, unlike in journalistic accounts, an article produced out of the sociological imagination endows the reading or viewing audience with a holistic perspective and of course a trace of the underlying social factors.  The audience does not feel detached but attached to the society. 

 

            In the case of the article under investigation, as much as it is an issue to be discussed among parents or any concerned sector, it leaves no room for the readers to review it in terms of social factors, or ideology.  They are only pragmatically enlightened on this fact.  On the contrary, sociological imagination creates a larger picture of the problem of “children putting off reading”.  Likewise, concerned individuals on this issue are opened to the tidbits of reading, being a social activity that means more than that. 

 

Conclusion

 

            In the article “Lessons at Three ‘Put Children off Reading’” by Laura Clark, she provided a journalistic account of the problem that educational experts believe that children, despite the early years’ formal literacy training, would turn away from reading.  Employing sociological imagination would lead one to determine the problem in a holistic one wherein, the problem posed by the newspaper article can be viewed from a macro to a microsociological approach.  A sociological imagination is a means of transcending as it draws on the social factors embedded in a certain problem.  It departs from journalistic accounts by systematically inquiring on a certain problem, event, or experience.  Truly indeed, a sociological imagination enables one to navigate around the globe. 

 

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Outline of Order of Paper is Numbered

 

General Directions:  All paragraphs must contain a minimum of three sentences.

APA Style documentation is required. Times New Roman 12 double-spaced. Please use United States standard English.

17 total pages

Outline of Order of Paper is Numbered 1 – 9 please write in that sequence:

1.      Define and discuss human development in general. (1 page)

2.      Analyze and explain how biological, genetic, socio-cultural, cognitive and moral, and psychological areas are underpinnings within the theories of human development. (1 page)

3.      Identify, compare, contract, and critique theories of human development. (1 page)

4.      Briefly introduce the background of each human development theorists: Bandura, Piaget, Skinner, Dewey, and Pask  (2 pages)

5.      Describe the following work of human development theorists: Bandura, Piaget, Skinner, Dewey, and Pask AS THEY COMPARE AND CONTRAST WITH ONE ANOTHER related to human development. Then take that comparison and compare their premises to cooperative learning techniques utilized in elementary/primary school education. (5 Pages)

6.      Define cooperative learning. Provide and overview of cooperative learning techniques at the primary/elementary school level of instruction. (1 page)

7.      Analyze and explain concepts and information drawn from the existing body of theory and research as pertain to the assumptions of cooperative learning, specifically in children education. (1 page)

Utilize these references for the pages outlined above – USE APA style

Note: in regard to cooperative learning in elementary/primary education utilize a scholarly journal as a reference and place it in the second have of this paper’s annotated bibliography of current brain research resources…look for multiple intelligences as a starting point.

8.  Prepare an annotated bibliography of current brain research resources. APA Style 15 scholarly journal articles. (1 page)

9.  Discuss the continuity between current brain research findings and human development theories discussed earlier in the paper. Then relate these continuities specifically to cooperative learning techniques found in elementary/primary level schools. (4 pages)

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Questions/Answers – Principles Of Marketing

A. Assess what environmental factors have had the most impact on super-market and fast food in recent years in Hong Kong. (8 Marks)

Because of its growing population and its ever-booming tourism industry, Hong Kong is considered to be the next substantial market for all food products. Nonetheless, there are various factors – and the combination of these factors – that influence the supermarket and fast food businesses in the region. Yeung (1993) states that the hyper/supermarkets and department stores, the specialty stores and themed restaurants including fast food chains, the convenience stores and the traditional markets which include family-owned shops and wet markets are the four primary classification of food business in Hong Kong.

Chung (2007) describes supermarkets as the combination of Western supermarket and traditional wet market style which epitomizes the ‘one-stop-shop’ experience and with extensive product categories which reaches to over 20, 000. On the other hand, fast foods are food retailers which generally aimed at niche markets. While specialty stores usually sell a certain type of good, of the highest grade and quality, themed restaurants and fast food outlets are intended to bring other places’ flavors in Hong Kong. Stores and restaurants of this kind are known to be developed in order that the emerging food trend opportunities be captured and profit from such trends.

Of all the environmental factors which impact both food retail segments, the most notable are the food consumption trends such as food safety and increasing health consciousness, changing demographics, busy lifestyles and continuous arrival of tourists. Although there are many food products vying for the attention of nationals and tourists, it is clear that the consumers are increasingly demanding and preferring healthier, fresher and highly nutritional food choices.

Consumer preferences also shifting as people now favor chilled and frozen foods since these food products are believed to be safer and more hygienic although Hong Kong national generally prefer fresh foodstuffs. Functional foods are also in high demand because of its health benefits. Convenience foods, nonetheless, had been the most popular such as instant noodles, cup noodles, frozen and canned meals and instant soup because of the busy lifestyles. Such a trend is trickled down on major supermarket chains where retail space for these ready-made meals was extended as well as for restaurants which now offer neatly packaged food-to-go.

More specifically, convenience foods have also been in boom because of dual income families, smaller households, the ageing population and the busy lifestyles of Hong Kongers and migrants. Also, changing lifestyles and increasing average incomes are seen to be the reasons behind the boom in convenience food products in Hong Kong.

Consumer awareness, likewise, has also been raised particularly on the origin of the food and the ingredients of the products. Food safety is evident on the demand of the consumers to include information on labels specifically the composition of the products. Informations that the label should include are name or designation of the product, list of ingredients, special storage conditions or instructions for use, name and address of manufacturer, nutritional panel and expiry date of the product in English or Chinese or in both languages as well as the presence of allergic substances (Yuen, 2006).

Moreover, the last available statistics claim that over 21 million visited Hong Kong in 2006. Tourists’ spending on restaurants excluding hotel restaurants and including fast food restaurants is worth US.25 billion. Hong Kong has approximately 10,340 restaurants, as well as over 1,000 bars and other eating and drinking places. Chinese restaurants dominate the Hong Kong restaurant sector, accounting for 45% of the industry.

B. Using the consumer decision-making process as a guide, how would you go about to purchase at super-market? How applicable is this model for purchasing fast food? Please give examples to illustrate your answers. (17 Marks)

The consumer buying process is set in six stages: problem recognition, information search, alternatives evaluation, purchase decision, purchase and post-purchase evaluation. The first stage points to determining the difference between desired state and actual condition. Product information could stimulate this stage onward to gathering information. Searching happens internally and externally, the first through memory and the second through marketer dominated sources or comparison shopping aside from word of mouth. The success in this stage could lead to having an evoked set of alternatives whereby the consumer establishes criteria prior to weighing them. After the choice has been made, actual purchasing based on product availability will be considered. Whether the consumer makes the right decision or not in purchasing will be contemplated on the last stage (Parcon, 2007, pp. 95-96).

As a consumer, I have several commodities to purchase in the supermarket and so firstly, I have to determine for instance what or which among the commodities I need. Need recognition occurs when a perceived discrepancy exists between the actual and desired states of being. Needs could be innate or learned and are never fully satisfied. Expressive needs and utilitarian needs are the two basic consumer needs where the former involve desires by consumers to fulfill social or aesthetic requirements and the latter involve desires by consumers to solve basic problems (Mowen and Minor, 1997). In the supermarket, food and non-food product categories are there hence depending on my needs I can choose from these specific categories to purchase. Supposing, I need to purchase home cleaning tools.

The step would be to search for information such as in which supermarkets are these supplies and/or commodities are available and which brands would be most reliable. Two of the most reliable supermarkets for me are Park ‘n’ Shop and Wellcome Supermarket. In searching for information, it would be worthy to mention that consumers evaluate a product or a service. The necessity to recognize their motivations influencing customers is therefore apparent. There are several advertisements that could aid me in deciding which among the various products would be most suitable for my need. This leads me to alternative evaluation wherein I could ask my neighbors or rely on Internet forums which among the available brands will fulfill their promises in actuality. I could also do some canvassing in local supermarkets to compare and contrast their products depending on price range, features and efficiency of the tools I intend to buy. These processes would be necessary so that I can put value on my money to spend.

Next, decision-making comes when I have conducted all of these procedures. I need to know first if the brands I have chosen to buy are available and on-stock on Park ‘n’ Shop and Wellcome supermarkets, choose the supermarket from which to buy from and then buy the products. In the purchasing process, I could ask the supermarket representatives (sales staff) if there are warranties and if ever I chose to return the products for some reasons, will I be able to get my money back. These are informations that are often overlooked by the typical consumer. During post-purchase stage, I can contact the company of the brands to determine if they are additional informations that I could get from them or just give them my feedback about the product probably after the first month of use.

Such consumer buying model when applied in the fast food restaurant purchasing could be haphazardly used. I say this because problem recognition is always evident that is hunger. Nevertheless, eating in fast food establishments will depend on price level, service level and product offerings or cuisine or menu. What makes fast food purchases plausible are because of the amount of disposable income allotted for food spending (Davies, Lockwood and Stone, 1998). Information search, and also alternatives evaluation, could be also carried out through advertisements that have most appeal since they have the recall.

Basham (2007) maintains that the quality of the food, the quantity of the food and the prices of the food as well as the range of products being offered should be considered when searching and evaluating choices for fast food. For instance, the choices of food will depend on the budget and the time of the day. While also, the subsequent purchase decisions will be based on the health factors. Wendy’s and Burger King, for example, are extending their menu offerings especially the breakfast menu, for the purpose of competing with McDonalds. The decision of dining or eating out, even so, depends on the choice of the buyers, making them powerful in this sense. Since they can do without the products from fast food restaurants, we can say that buyers have a relatively strong influence on the strategies of restaurants. Other restaurants of my choice would be Fairwood and De Carol Café. From the stage of purchase decision onwards the post-purchase; these are the processes that I as a food buyer will dwell into.

What we should remember is the fact that if the consumers are not satisfied with anyone of the key elements identified above they can easily switch their fast food provider. Leaving the fast food restaurant operators at the disadvantaged position especially when they have limitations in their food choices offerings and that consumers could always refer to other fast food chains since their current fast food does not provide anything unique for them. As such, the fast food have no power to keep the restaurant business going when consumers’ requirements and expectations are not met (Price, 2007).  

Nonetheless, the consumers will attempt to find best prices for a meal as well, and will settle for restaurants which offer promotions and price cuts. Fast food chains like McDonalds, Starbucks, Burger King, etc. are examples of these restaurants apart from catering to on-the-go people through drive thrus (Eagle and Brennan, 2007). In sum, provided that taste, palatability, cost, convenience, diversity and availability are the key elements in the consumption, it would be necessary for the restaurant industry to localized product offerings as well as diversify them. KFC’s menu was limited to fried foods. During the 1980s, people demanded for much healthier food consumption. Because of this, KFC changed its menu and added offerings which satisfied the craving for healthier eating habits. In addition, it would be also highly appreciated if food will be offered at the least possible time and place. The quality of the taste must not be compromised despite this, with relation to reasonable pricing and high levels of customer servicing.

References

Basham, M., 2007. Industry Surveys Restaurants. Standard and Poor’s, pp. 1-42.

Chung, K 2007, Hong Kong Food Market Trends, Department of Primary Industries.

Davis, B., Lockwood, A. and Stone, S., 1998. Food and Beverage Management. Butterworth-Heinemann.

Eagle, L. and Brennan, R., 2007. Beyond advertising: in-home promotion of ‘fast food’. Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 8(4), pp. 278-288.

Mowen, J C and Minor, M 1997, Consumer Behavior, Prentice Hall.

Parcon, P 2007, Develop Your Decision Making Skills, Lotus Press.

Price, S., 2007. The new faces of the food market? The potential for consortia in pizza home delivery. British Food Journal, 99(11), pp. 436-446.

Yeung, L Y 1993, Time for change: fresh food retailing in Hong Kong. AgExporter.

Yuen, C 2006, Hong Kong Retail Food Sector, Global Agriculture Information Network Report. 

 

 

Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Thesis Chapter 3: To What Extent Will Consumer Resistance Inhibit The Growth Of Internet Banking In The UK?

CHAPTER THREE. METHODOLOGY

 

 

3.1 OVERVIEW

Collis & Hussey (2003) define ‘methodology’ as the overall approach to the research process, from the theoretical underpinning to the collection and analysis of the data. Basically, this chapter discussed the method and procedures of research used, the respondents of the study, the sampling technique, the instrument used, validation of the instrument, administration of the instrument and ethical consideration. Actually, this study aimed to evaluate the consumer resistance towards the growth of internet banking in UK. Assessment on the components that make up customer relationship was also investigated, thus forming clearer conclusions on the possible actions concerning the growth of internet banking in UK.

3.1.1 Research philosophy

This study is aiming to find out consumers’ resistance on the growth of Internet banking while even though it has been seen growing rapidly in the UK. Some consumers use Internet banking for the benefits of convenient and time saving, however, certain consumers are resistant to it. It focuses on a given situation of an in-depth analysis. The key theme in this study is the consumer acceptance of technology system, customer fears about security and privacy of financial information on Internet, trust feeling and the theoretical concepts has been examined using a wide range of relevant secondary sources and concepts intensively and thoroughly. Therefore, for this particular research project, the research philosophy is mainly interpretive.

3.1.2 Research approach

There are two major types of research approaches, namely deductive and inductive, where deductive is in which develop a theory and hypothesis and design and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis, whereas inductive is in which collect data and develop a theory as a result of data analysis (Saunders, et al., 2003 p. 85).

The inductive approach is a systematic procedure for analysing qualitative data where the analysis is guided by specific objectives (Saunders, et al., 2003). As only secondary data is allowed for the study, thus, for this particular research, an inductive approach was used. Furthermore, this study is particularly concerned with consumer resistances to the Internet banking such as technology acceptance, risks and trust.  Therefore, the study of sample of subjects would be more appropriate than a large number as with the deductive approach. In addition, the aim of the study is trying to find what prevent certain consumers from using Internet banking rather than why consumers should use Internet banking.  Given those factors, inductive approach is more suitable for this research. 

3.1.3 Research Strategies

‘Research strategy’ is general plans of how you will go about answering the research questions that you have set (Saunders et al. 2003, p.90). Considering the research question and objectives, a combination of exploratory and explanatory studies was adopted.

First of all, the research is exploratory. In order to find the answers why consumers do not use Internet banking and to assess phenomena in new light, a literature research of Internet banking market in the UK and consumer behaviour is needed. As Internet banking is a fast growing new financial delivery channel, the conducted exploratory research is changeable as new data appears. Secondly, as consumer behaviours on the Internet banking are more related to psychological processes, studies that casual relationships between variables such as security and trust are termed explanatory studies. Thus, the information was gathered online from journals where branding in general is discussed and retail bank’s Web site. The main purpose of this reading was to get the idea of the practical implementation of Internet banking as a business strategy. Thirdly, based on those Internet banking inhibitors, how retail banks should develop their strategies to cope with these resistances. Some books and national paper articles related to marketing communication, consumer behaviour and marketing of service were also explored. Aside from this, the researcher also initiated primary researches done through survey and interview of related participants. Secondary researches are made to support the findings from the primary research.

3.1.4 Research methods

The subject chosen for this study is very topical. Secondary data was used in this study to answer the question. Secondary data is based on data collected for some other purpose. There are three main subgroups of secondary data: documentary data, survey-based data and multiple sources. Aside from this, the researcher also uses primary survey and interview.

Actually, the research described in this research is based on both quantitative and qualitative method. The qualitative method allows an iterative and flexible approach, while the quantitative research method allows dependent and independent variables specification and also permits for longitudinal measures of subsequent performance of the research subject. Throughout information gathering the choice and design of methods are continuously tailored, based on current analysis. This allows examination of significant latest issues and questions as they arise, and let the researchers to slump unproductive areas of research from the original research plan.

Actually, the methods used in this study offer many advantages due to the nature of this study. First of all, for many research questions and objectives, the benefits lie in the enormous saving in resources especially time and money (Saunders et al. 2003, p.200). Actually, this research didn’t only consider primary research but also secondary researches due to budget constraint and time limitation. Actually, secondary data provides incomparable benefit that primary data cannot offer. These have generated useful references and have provided a good staring point for formulate and generate ideas. For instance, data includes textbooks related electronic banking in financial industry, customer behaviour, and government white paper and banks websites. Those data has already been collected and provides an unobtrusive measure. All the sources are quite reliable. Secondly, secondary data may be the only viable choice for many aspects of this research due to the nature in itself. Many psychology data and aggregate data are not likely to be collected by the author; rather, secondary data from previous researches make this research with easy access. For example, many high quality national newspapers and journal articles being published are permanent and available in a form that may be checked relatively easily.

3.2 Data Collection and Analysis

In this study, primary research and secondary research was used. Primary research was conducted using questionnaire surveys to 100 customers and a sample of 10 clerical and 10 managerial in the business services, and 10 clerical and 10 managerial in the private services. The researcher tallied, scored and tabulated all the responses in the provided survey questions. A major aim of the survey is to know the perception of the respondents regarding the importance of technology in enhancing customer relationships in Banking and other issues. The researcher conducted the survey personally with the respondents.

3.2.1 Primary Research

To assess the problem at hand, the researcher prepared a questionnaire and a set of guide questions for the interview that is asked to the intended respondents. It was indicated that this will be answered with no more than 10 minutes of the respondents’ time. Furthermore, the answers was completely anonymous and confidential and if there were any particular questions the respondents do not want to answer, it was a standard that they should inform the researcher. Information or opinions are sought from personal customers, business customers and bank employees through the use of questionnaires.  The aim is to obtain data from both the service user and the service provider. Actually, random sampling is the sampling design of this study; it is the most appropriate design to use in this study since the researcher decided the sample size of the study i.e. 100 bank customers and a sample of 10 clerical and 10 managerial in the business services, and 10 clerical and 10 managerial in the private services are chosen.  This design is popular in the field of opinion research because it is done by merely looking for individuals with the requisite characteristics. Actually, the convenience of the bank to do research contributes to the eagerness of the researcher to investigate the satisfaction of its customers.  To be realistic, the researcher was thinking about to pick up a local company in UK for research which is easier to get the access/permission.  Then the bank in which the researcher is working came out into the picture since it is the only one in which the researcher was familiar with. As stated, random sampling was the design of the study but the researcher was recording some classification group such as gender, age group, level of satisfaction.

 

2 samples for both personal and business customers between the ages of 20 & 35 and 35 & 60 will be chosen.  Both samples will then be divided equally by gender. A total of 100 questionnaires will be sent by post. 

Questions will be focused on the type of transactions usually made, use of IT-based services, reasons for usage/non-usage, frequency of usage, which services are they satisfied or dissatisfied of  and why, overall satisfaction of the services, extent of their awareness of new service developments, likelihood to recommend the services to others and overall relationship with the Bank. 

Questionnaires to bank employees both in the business and personal services will be sent through the Bank's internal mail or via email.  A sample of 10 clerical and 10 managerial in the business services, and 10 clerical and 10 managerial in the private services will be chosen. 

Questionnaires will concentrate on testing whether new practices were taking customers away from the branches and type of customer feedback received on IT-based services.  Ideas will be sought as to how technology could be used to enhance the Bank-customer relationships, how customers may be helped to use technology more effectively and how confident they feel in stimulating such developments. 

A covering letter will accompany each questionnaire with a prepaid return envelope.  This letter will provide an introduction of myself and explain the purpose of the study, provide my contact address, e-mail address and numbers, assure respondents of the confidentiality of their replies, provide the date by when a reply is required and finally, thank all respondents and invite further comments, suggestions and questions.

Further research will be carried out through consultation of books, journals and magazines.  Secondary data may complement primary data collected, may confirm, modify or contradict my findings and allow focusing attention on analysis and interpretation, as suggested by Blaxter et al. (2001).  Secondary data will support primary data collection to show a clearer picture of the technology's effect on the customer, banker and relationship between them.

Moreover, the distribution and collation methods that were used to manage the process ensure anonymity. The opening line was explained to them what the research is all about and how the researcher intends to regard the survey with high confidentiality. The results of questionnaire survey were presented in the tabular form with a few graphical representations. The questionnaire was shown at the appendix.

3.2.2 Secondary Research

For this research, a significant amount of publicly published data of the acceptance of Internet banking at the academic level is required. The source and availability of the data have been verified. The following databases include UK major retail bank’s Web sites and Google search sources. Furthermore, a considerate amount of data and empirical results are available from the academic resources of Oxford Brookes University, including academic books, in particular, academic journals from electronic databases in the subject area of acceptance of Internet banking.

Due to Internet banking being a fast growing new financial service delivery channel, studies on this area are limited from a range of textbooks, especially on the UK Internet banking market. However, almost all retail banks and countries have developed their own Web sites and studies. Thus, Most of the journal articles were retrieved online through the EMERALD database. Secondly, as this study is related to consumer acceptance of technology and financial market, journals from human computer studies, information management, International Journal of Bank Marketing and service marketing were adopted. For example, hits about Internet banking in EMERALD are about 1843 articles when traced keywords such as “Internet banking”. In order narrow down the research, by using mind map, key word “acceptance of Internet banking” was used, then the number of specific articles reduced to 469, however, only 37 articles were selected based on objectives of this study.

3.3 Research limitations

For this study, primary research and secondary research are used. Primary research are conducted using anonymous questionnaires that are sent to randomly selected customers of a banking sector. The questionnaires are only used to collect quantitative data. The data are analysed and compiled based on the goal of the study. In some circumstances, the secondary day may only partially research questions or objectives due to the fact that the data may have been collected for a different purpose; these data was used only to support the primary research and information. Furthermore, secondary data represents their studies made by others for their own purposes. Secondly, technology is fast growing like Internet. It is a fast growing technology. The research is not able to catch the speed of Internet. The books and journals within certain years about Internet banking are not sufficiently up to date.

 

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